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Armillaria ostoyae (honey mushroom)
CANINE
SIGNALMENT: 12 week old, male/neutered, mixed breed puppy
PRESENTING COMPLAINT: lethargy, ocular and nasal discharge for the past 3 days; appetite is poor; puppy had diarrhea last night and vomiting/diarrhea this morning◦ Diet: Science diet puppy dry
Hx: puppy adopted from local shelter 2 weeks ago; has received one set of vaccinations – owner was planning to schedule booster shots in one week
Hx: Puppy received his first doses of Heartworm and flea prevention 2 weeks ago at time of adoption.
Other Info: Client has 1 other dog who is 1 year old and fully vaccinated; and 2 cats who are 2 and 5 yrs old that are fully vaccinated
PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS:◦ Lethargy◦ ~8% dehydrated◦ Temp: 103.8, HR: 116, RR: 20 – lung fields sound
slightly moist, and the puppy coughs a few times during the exam
◦ Mm: pink, CRT: 2.5sec◦ Mucopurulent ocular/nasal discharge◦ The nose looks, dry, thick, and crusty
TREATMENT◦ ANTIBIOTICS◦ FLUIDS◦ SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT
Anti-emetics Ophthalmic ointments Cleaning ocular/nasal discharge frequently Nutrition Clean, dry environment; low stress
DIAGNOSTICS◦ Blood work is drawn for a CBC, serum chemistry
profile and Canine Distemper titers
DIAGNOSTIC TEST RESULTS:◦ Leukopenia◦ Mild anemia
WORSENING OF CLINICAL SIGNS: 1 week later, the client returns. The puppy is weak and appears to have muscle twitching; muscle of the mouth appear as if the puppy is “chewing gum”; there are pustules on the abdomen, and hyperkeratotic foot pads
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QL4S4MA2zT0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyEFS77rOzU
*Myoclonus is almost pathognomonic for Canine Distemper
ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA
HYPERKERATOSIS OF NOSE & FOOT PADS
FURTHER DIAGNOSTICS:◦ Blood work drawn to compare serum titers and
CBC results Leukocytosis with neutrophilia found Viral inclusions are found in mononuclear cells of the
blood smear Post-mortem tissue sample taken from mucous
membranes or epithelial cells of the urinary, respiratory, or GI tract may also display viral inclusions.
Titers have increased since last measurement
Transmission of this (single-stranded, RNA, paramyxo-) virus is through aerosolization of bodily fluids, fomites
Fatality rate may be as high as 50%- 90% Prognosis is guarded at best, esp if
neurologic signs are present Neurologic signs may be focal to general
including seizures◦ Could occur weeks to years after initial infection
Although Distemper is contagious, it is unlikely to affect the clients older, vaccinated dogs◦ CVD does not affect cats
Vaccination Thorough cleaning – the virus is labile and
can be killed with common disinfectants, and heat
Isolation of infected animals
SIGNALMENT: 4yr old, female spayed, daschund,
PRESENTING COMPLAINT: dry, hacking cough; dog is still active and eating and drinking well. Coughing began about 1 week ago.
Hx: Owner began sending the dog to day care everyday while she was at work; After the puppy set of vaccines, dog was vx at 1yr and 2 yrs old. She received an injectable Bordetella vaccine 2 days before beginning daycare.
Hx: ◦ Diet: Purina One◦ Patient is current on HW and flea prevention◦ No other significant illnesses
PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS:◦ Temp: 102.1, HR: 140, RR: 36◦ Sneezing and occasional coughing on exam
Cough can be ellicited on tracheal palpation Mild, clear nasal discharge
◦ Normal hydration status◦ Mm: pk CRT: <2sec
Aka Infections Tracheobronchitis Major causes
◦ VIRUSES: Canine Adenovirus-2, Parainfluenza, Canine Distemper, Canine Influenza
◦ BACTERIA: mycoplasma, bordetella bronchiseptica, streptococcus sp.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=amGKQX9zdug
DIAGNOSTICS◦ Based on physical exam, clinical signs and history◦ Virus isolation from swabs of the pharynx, nasal
passageways, trachea◦ Thoracic rads if pneumonia suspected
TREATMENT◦ Adequate hydration◦ Antibiotics◦ Antitussives
Hycodan (hydrocodone) Butorphanol Cough Tabs (dextromethorphan, guafenesin) Bronchial dilators
Aminophylline terbutaline
Transmission of these organisms is by inhalation of respiratory droplets or contact with fomites
The prognosis is good with proper treatment◦ It is a self-limiting disease◦ May take 2-3 weeks to resolve
Vaccinate 2-3 weeks prior to expected exposure
Isolate infected animals Vaccinate appropriately Most routine disinfectants, bleach,
quarternary ammonium compounds will kill these viruses and bacteria
Proper sanitation
SIGNALMENT: 3mth old Rottweiler puppy, intact male◦ *Dobermans & Rottweilers are over-represented
PRESENTING COMPLAINT: lethargy, poor appetite, bloody diarrhea for 2 days; puppy has vomited twice this morning
Hx: Owner purchased puppy from local trader’s market at 10 weeks old. The breeder gave the first set of vaccinations at 3 weeks old and a booster @ 7 weeks
Hx: owner already has a 6mth old, intact female Rottweiler he got as a gift from a family member. He purchased the new puppy as a playmate.◦ The 6mth old puppy had 3 sets of vaccinations
given by the family member.◦ Neither puppy has been started on heartworm or
flea prevention.◦ Diet: Blue Buffalo
PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS:◦ ~8% dehydrated
Mm:pale, CRT: >2.5sec◦ Depressed◦ Rear soiled in blood-tinged diarrhea, strong, foul
odor◦ Temp: 103.5, HR: 120 RR: 24
Fecal Parvo ELISA (snap test)
◦ Detects viral antigen CBC/Serum Chemistries
◦ Marked lymphopenia, neutropenia, increased PCV◦ Hypoglycemia, hypokalemia
Parvo titers◦ High titers (1:10,000)
TRANSMISSION: fecal-oral route◦ Virus has affinity for rapidly dividing cells such as
intestinal epithelium & bone marrow; severe cases affect the myocardium (esp in utero) Affect on bone marrow lymphopenia,
neutropenia WBCs may be <2000
◦ Possible sequelae: septicemia, intussusception
ISOLATE INFECTED ANIMALS HOSPITALIZATION
◦ IV fluids w/added electrolytes, added dextrose◦ ANTIBIOTICS◦ ANTI-EMETICS
Reglan Maropitant (cerenia) Ondansetron
◦ NSAIDs◦ +/- Plasma transfusion for hypoproteinemia◦ +/-ANTIVIRAL
Tamiflu
PROGNOSIS: generally good with aggressive and early treatment; 80%-90% success◦ Concurrent infections and GI parasites can worsen
prognosis
VACCINATION◦ Keep puppies isolated until they have firm
immunity, usually about 18-22 weeks of age◦ Vaccinate at 6-8 weeks then q3-4 weeks until 16
weeks of age
CLIENT INFO◦ In this case, the 1st 2 vaccines are not valid◦ Client should isolate the new puppy from the
older one◦ Treatment is expensive◦ The virus is resistant in the environment and may
survive for years. A 1:30 solution of bleach is effective.
SIGNALMENT: ~6 week old intact, male kitten, DSH
PRESENTING COMPLAINT: mucopurulent ocular/nasal discharge, congestion, head shaking, sneezing, inappetance – has gotten progressively worse in the last week
Hx: owner has been feeding a family of stray cats outside her home. Several of the kittens look like this. This is the only kitten she could catch
Hx: no known vaccinations, no flea or HW prevention◦ Diet: owner feeds canned Whiskas
PHYSICAL EXAM◦ Patient is QAR◦ Temp: 104.1, HR: 200, RR:40◦ Audible upper respiratory congestion◦ ~6-8% dehydrated◦ Mm: pale pk, CRT: 2 sec
DIAGNOSTICS◦ Clinical signs◦ Nasal, pharyngeal swabs
DIAGNOSIS:◦ Feline Viral
Rhinotracheitis(FVR) Feline Herpesvirus-1
◦ Feline Calicivirus (FCV) 80-90% of all URI is cause by 1 of
these 2 viruses
Chlamydophila felis◦ Bordetella◦ Mycoplasma
FLUIDS ANTIBIOTICS NURSING CARE
◦ Warm, clean◦ Force feed, warm, food◦ Pain meds for oral or corneal ulcers
DECREASE STRESS AVOID STEROID ANTIVIRAL
◦ Idoxuridine
Both FVR and FCV are highly contagious◦ Transmitted via fomites (hands, clothes) and
aerolsolization of respiratory droplets withing 5 feet
Morbidity is high, mortality is low◦ Oral ulcers can last 7-10 days
VACCINATION◦ Vaccines will reduce severity and duration of
clinical signs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLlL24shW7E
SIGNALMENT: 4week old, intact female, DSH
PRESENTING COMPLAINTS: kitten is depressed and appears to be very thin, has blood-tinged diarrhea, occasional vomiting
Hx: Owner lives in an apartment complex and found this kitten outside. She thinks she know the mom, but the mom doesn’t seem to be taking care of her.
PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS◦ 103.9◦ ~6% dehydrated◦ Ataxic, unstable◦ Lethargic◦ Fecal-soiled rear-end
CBC◦ Moderate to severe panleukopenia
Positive parvo snap test Antibody titers Virus isolation
Maintain hydration and electrolyte balance Force-feeding Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Proper vaccination Cats who survive the infection will not get
re-infected later in life. They acquire life-long immunity.