Download - Scientific Management
![Page 1: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
• Scientific Management
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 2: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Productivity improving technologies (historical) - Scientific management
1 Other work processes involved minimizing the amount of steps in doing individual
tasks, such as bricklaying, by performing time and motion studies to determine the one best method, the system becoming
known as Taylorism after Fredrick Winslow Taylor who is the best known developer of
this method, which is also known as scientific management after his work The
Principles of Scientific Management.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 3: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Organizational behavior management - Scientific management
1 OBM might be seen as one of the distant branches of scientific management, originally
inspired by Taylor.For example, Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management is listed on the OBM Network recommended books page [ http://www.obmnetwork.com/resources/articles
/recbooks.htm] The principle difference between scientific management and OBM
might be on the conceptual underpinnings: OBM is based on B.F. Skinner's science of
human behavior.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 4: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Organizational theory - Scientific management
1 According to Taylor, scientific management affects both workers and employers, and stresses the
control of the labour force by management.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 5: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Organizational theory - The Principles of Scientific Management
1 Taylor identifies four inherent principles of the scientific management theory.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 6: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Scientific management
1 'Scientific management', also called 'Taylorism',Mitcham, Carl and Adam, Briggle
Management in Mitcham (2005) p.1153, quote: was a theory of management that Analysis|
analyzed and wikt:synthesis#Noun|synthesized workflows. Its main objective was improving economic efficiency, especially Workforce
productivity|labor productivity. It was one of the earliest attempts applied science|to apply
science to the engineering of business process|processes and to management.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 7: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Scientific management - History of Scientific Management
1 Although scientific management as a distinct theory or school of thought was obsolete by the 1930s, most of
its themes are still important parts of industrial engineering and
management today
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 8: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Scientific management - History of Scientific Management
1 Scientific management's application was contingent on a high level of managerial
control over employee work practices. This necessitated a higher ratio of managerial
workers to laborers than previous management methods. The great difficulty in accurately differentiating any such intelligent,
detail-oriented management from mere misguided micromanagement also caused interpersonal friction between workers and
managers.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 9: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Scientific management - History of Scientific Management
1 When Louis Brandeis popularized the term scientific management in 1910,,
[http://books.google.com/books?id=BvFCAAAAIAAJpg=PA15#v=onep
agef=false pp
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 10: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Scientific management - History of Scientific Management
1 However, many aspects of scientific management have never stopped being part of later management
efforts called by other names
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 11: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Scientific management - Larger theme of economic efficiency
1 There is a fluid continuum linking scientific management by that name
with the later fields, and there is often no mutual exclusiveness when discussing the details of any one of
these topics.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 12: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Scientific management - Larger theme of economic efficiency
1 In management literature today, the greatest use of the term scientific
management is with reference to the work of Taylor, Omotosho Adeniyi Samson (Neyoo) and his disciples
(classical, implying no longer current, but still respected for its seminal
value) in contrast to newer, improved iterations of efficiency-seeking
methodshttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 13: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Scientific management - Relationship to mechanization and automation
1 Two important corollaries flow from this fact: (1) The ideas and methods of scientific
management were exactly what was needed to be added to the American system of
manufacturing to extend the transformation from craft production|craft work (with humans as the only possible agents) to mechanization and automation; but also, (2) Taylor himself could not have known this, and his goals did not include the extensive removal of humans
from the production processhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 14: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Scientific management - Relationship to mechanization and automation
1 In the case of computers, they are not able (yet) to be smart (in that sense of the word); in the case of human workers under scientific
management, they were often able but were not allowed
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 15: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Scientific management - Relationship to mechanization and automation
1 This engineering was the essence not only of scientific management but also of most industrial engineering
since then
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 16: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Scientific management - Taylor's view of workers
1 And perhaps Taylor was so immersed in the vast work immediately in front
of him (getting the world to understand and to implement
scientific management's earliest phases) that he failed to strategize about the next steps (sustainability
of the system after the early phases).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 17: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Scientific management - Taylor's view of workers
1 Implementations of scientific management usually failed to account for several inherent
challenges:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 18: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Scientific management - Taylor's view of workers
1 Taylor knew that scientific management could not work
(probably at all, certainly never enduringly) unless the workers
benefited from the profit increases that it generated
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 19: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Scientific management - Early decades: making jobs unpleasant
1 After an attitude survey of the workers revealed a high level of resentment and hostility towards
scientific management, the Senate banned Taylor's methods at the
arsenal.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 20: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Scientific management - Later decades: making jobs disappear
1 Both were made possible by the deskilling of jobs, which was made possible by the knowledge transfer
that scientific management achieved
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 21: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Scientific management - Effects on disruptive innovation
1 There is always a balance to be struck between scientific
management's goal of formalizing the details of a process (which increases efficiency within the
existing technological context) and the risk of fossilizing one moment's
technological state into cultural inertia that stifles Disruptive
technology|disruptive innovation (that is, preventing the next technological context from
developing)
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 22: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Scientific management - Effects on disruptive innovation
1 Implementations of scientific management (often if not always)
worked within the implicit context of a particular technological moment and thus did not account for the
possibility of putting the continuous in continuous improvement process
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 23: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Scientific management - Influence on planned economies
1 Scientific management was naturally appealing to managers of planned economy|planned
economies, because Economic planning|central economic planning relies on the idea that the
expenses that go into economic production can be precisely predicted and can be optimized by design. The opposite theoretical pole would be laissez-faire thinking in which the invisible hand of free markets is the only possible designer. In reality most economies today are somewhere
in between.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 24: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Scientific management - East Germany
1 By the 1950s, Taylor's original form of scientific management (and the name scientific management itself) had grown dated, but the goals and
themes remained attractive and found new avatars
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 25: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Scientific management - Legacy
1 In particular, Shigeo Shingo, one of the originators of the Toyota
Production System, believed that this system and Japanese management culture in general should be seen as
a kind of scientific management.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 26: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Scientific management - Legacy
1 For example, Taylor believed scientific management could be extended to the work
of our salesmen
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 27: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Scientific management - Legacy
1 Today's Military|militaries employ all of the major goals and tactics of
scientific management, if not under that name. Of the key points, all but wage incentives for increased output
are used by modern military organizations. Wage incentives
rather appear in the form of skill bonuses for enlistments.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 28: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Scientific management - Legacy
1 Scientific management has had an important influence in sports, where stop watches and motion studies rule
the day. (Taylor himself enjoyed sports, especially tennis and golf. He
and a partner won a national championship in doubles tennis. He invented improved tennis racquets and improved golf clubs, although other players liked to tease him for
his unorthodox designs, and they did not catch on as replacements for the
mainstream implements).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 29: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Scientific management - Legacy
1 Modern human resources can be seen to have begun in the scientific management era, most notably in
the writings of Katherine M. H. Blackford, who was also a proponent
of eugenics.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 30: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The Principles of Scientific Management
1 He is often called The Father of Scientific Management
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 31: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Principles of Scientific Management - Summary of the monograph
1 The monograph consisted of three sections: Introduction, Chapter 1:
Fundamentals of Scientific Management, and Chapter 2 : The
Principles of Scientific Management.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 32: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Principles of Scientific Management - Introduction
1 And further to show that the fundamental principles of scientific management are applicable to all kinds of human activities, from our simplest individual acts to the work of our great corporations, which call for the most elaborate cooperation
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 33: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The Principles of Scientific Management - Chapter 2: The Principles of Scientific Management
1 He starts by describing what he considered the best system of
management in then current use, the system of initiative and incentive. In
this system, management gives incentives for better work, and
workers give their best effort. The form of payment is practically the
whole system, in contrast to scientific management.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 34: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The Principles of Scientific Management - Chapter 2: The Principles of Scientific Management
1 Taylor' scientific management consisted of four principles:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 35: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The Principles of Scientific Management - Chapter 2: The Principles of Scientific Management
1 Under the management of initiative and incentive, the first three
elements often exist in some form, but their importance is minor.
However, under scientific management, they form the very
essence of the whole system.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 36: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The Principles of Scientific Management - Chapter 2: The Principles of Scientific Management
1 Taylor's summary of the fourth point is Under the management of
initiative and incentive practically the whole problem is up to the workman, while under scientific management fully one-half of the problem is up to
the management. It is up to the management to determine the best
method to complete each task through a time and motion study, to train the worker in this method, and keep individual records for incentive
based pay.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 37: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The Principles of Scientific Management - Chapter 2: The Principles of Scientific Management
1 Taylor warned about attempting to implement parts of scientific
management without accepting the whole philosophy, stating that too
fast of a change was often met with trouble, Strike action|strikes, and
failure.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 38: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Work design - Scientific management
1 Under scientific management people would be directed by reason and the problems of industrial unrest would be appropriately (i.e., scientifically)
addressed
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 39: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Lillian Moller Gilbreth - Psychology in scientific management
1 Both Lillian and Frank Gilbreth believed that scientific management
as formulated by Taylor fell short when it came to managing the human element on the shop
floor.Graham 1998, pp
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 40: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Morris Cooke - Scientific management
1 It was at this time that Cooke and Taylor developed a professional relationship; Taylor's principles
influenced Cooke to believe that the application of scientific management principles to industry would benefit
all of society
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 41: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Morris Cooke - Scientific management
1 It was here that Cooke began to implement Taylor's principles of
Scientific Management in order to change what he considered
inefficient management practices in several departments
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 42: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Productivity in practice - Scientific management
1 Modern productivity science owes much to formal investigations that
are associated with scientific management.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 43: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Organisational theory - Scientific management
1 Scientific management refers to an approach to management based on principles of engineering. It focuses
on incentives and other practices empirically shown to improve
productivity.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 44: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Digital Taylorism - History of Taylorism/ Scientific Management
1 Scientific Management emerged in response to the Industrial Revolution and the need for faster production
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 45: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Digital Taylorism - History of Taylorism/ Scientific Management
1 On the other hand, the cons of Scientific Management are that it takes away worker's control over
their own body, workplace, and tools; they are made into a mere machine
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 46: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Principles of Scientific Management - Chapter 2: The Principles of Scientific Management
1 Taylor's scientific management
consisted of four principles:
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 47: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Aleksei Gastev - Scientific management
1 In 1924 the All-Russian Scientific Management Conference was held in
Moscow, where both Gastev and Kerzhentsev argued their case
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 48: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Lyndall Urwick - Making of Scientific Management
1 In 1945, he made his most lasting contribution to management
literature with the publication of his three-volume Making of Scientific
Management
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 49: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Lyndall Urwick - Making of Scientific Management
1 A long background of scientific management practices had
previously been largely unknown before publication of these volumes
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
![Page 50: Scientific Management](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062503/5a4d1afc7f8b9ab05998425c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
For More Information, Visit:
• https://store.theartofservice.com/the-scientific-management-toolkit.html
The Art of Servicehttps://store.theartofservice.com