09/01/14 Tropentag 2010 - Scientific Presentations
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Tropentag 2010:
World food system –A contribution from Europe
September 14 - 16, 2010, Zurich, Switzerland
Scientific Presentations - Papers and Posters
Scientific Groups:
Food security and food quality
Food productionFood quality and technology
Food intake and nutritional impact
Natural resources Management
Nutrient cycling and crop nutritionForest management
Water managementEcosystem servicesBiodiversity
Land and soil use
Plant systems
Agronomic practicesBiotic and abiotic stress (DPG session)
Genetic resources
Mixed cropping, agroforestry and biofuelsRice research
Agronomic practices - Poster session IAgronomic practices - Poster session IIBiotic and abiotic stress (DPG session) - Poster session IBiotic and abiotic stress (DPG session) - Poster session II
Animal sciencesAnimal breeding, husbandry and healthForages and feeding systemsAnimal nutrition and supplementation
Aquaculture and fisheries
Markets and rural developmentValue chainsMarket development
Rural developmentCommunication and extension servicesTransdisciplinary researchValue chains - Poster session I
http://www.tropentag.de/2010/abstracts/links/Mastuti_Widi_UAqwZT3k.php
1) Animal Production Systems Group
Wageningen University, the Netherlands
http://www.aps.wur.nl E#mail: [email protected]
2) Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia http://www.fapet.ugm.ac.id/
3) Laboratory of Meat, Draught and Companion Animals, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal
Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia http://www.fapet.ugm.ac.id/
Desirable characteristics
of Sonok cattle
Ages groups (months) Exterior performances (%)
0 -5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-30 > 30 Mean
Body colour
- Dark red 66.7 52.0 73.9 62.5 67.7 62.5 63.8
- Dark red-yellow 8.3 28.0 13.0 12.5 8.8 28.6 19.3
- Yellow 25.0 20.0 13.0 25.0 23.5 8.9 16.9
Size of dewlap
- Not exist 8.3 4.0 0.0 6.3 8.8 0.0 3.6
- Small 83.3 96.0 78.3 93.7 61.8 39.3 66.3
- Medium 8.3 0.0 21.7 0.0 29.4 60.7 30.1
Size of hump
- Small 100 100 78.3 93.8 61.8 17.8 60.9
- Medium 0.0 0.0 21.7 6.2 26.4 55.4 27.7
- Large 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.8 26.8 11.4
Smear colour around mouth
- Non specific 66.7 24.0 56.5 37.5 61.8 57.1 51.8
- Cream 33.3 68.0 39.1 62.5 35.3 42.9 45.8
- White 0.0 8.0 4.4 0.0 2.9 0.0 2.4
Smear colour around eyes
- Non specific 58.3 44.0 56.5 43.7 58.8 60.7 55.4
- Cream 41.7 56.0 43.5 56.3 41.2 39.3 44.6
Smear colour on legs
- Non specific 41.7 12.0 30.4 18.7 44.1 44.6 34.9
- Cream 58.3 84.0 60.9 75.0 50.0 46.5 58.5
- White 0.0 4.0 8.7 6.3 5.9 8.9 6.6
Back line colour
- Not exist 50.0 56.0 56.5 56.3 50.0 58.9 55.4
- Exist 50.0 44.0 43.5 43.7 50.0 41.1 44.6
Average of Body Condition Scores
(BCS’s)
3.84±
0.3
3.85±
0.3
3.91±
0.2
3.88±
0.2
Traditional art contest of sonok as an alternative selection for Madura cattle
Tri Satya Mastuti Widi1,3, Tety Hartatik2, and H.M.J.Udo1
Introduction
Madura cattle :
• One of the prominent local cattle breeds in Indonesia
• Formed from crossing of Bali, Ongole and Bos Taurus
cattle in Madura Island, starting 1500 years ago.
• The phenotypes are uniform through tuft selection
Figure 1. Bali and Ongole cattle
(http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/ongole/index.htm)
• One of the culture activities embedded in Madura is
sonok contest.
Sonok contest :
Pairs of well developed females, driven by a jockey, have to
walk 25 m along a line and reach a finish which is design as a
gate and step their forefeet cohesively.
Figure 2. Sonok contest This contest is traditionally aimed to select good heifers and
cows. Cultural practices in keeping sonok cattle and criteria
applied to select them, can be used for conservation of
Madura cattle.
Results
These characteristics have been used by farmers as traditional selection criteria
through the sonok contest
The exterior performances of sonok cattle are not much different among age groups due to
selection by farmers to choose them as a sonok cattle ; and sonok cattle have good BCS’s.
Conclusions : • Madura cattle characteristics are combination of the characteristics of Bali and Ongole
cattle.
• By applying traditional selection, Madura people have been maintaining phenotype
uniformity of this breed for hundreds of years.
• This might be valuable and contributing to conservation of Madura cattle.
Table 1. Exterior performances of sonok cattle among different age groups
Figure 3. Desirable characteristics of sonok cattle
Methods • 37 of sonok farmers were interviewed
• 166 heads of sonok cattle divided into
different age groups
• Observation of phenotypic characteristics
The aim of study was to explore and quantify phenotypic
characteristics of Sonok cattle among different age groups
Big body, dark red in colour and small-medium hump
Small-medium and firmly dewlap
Non specific colour on legs
Non specific colour around eyes and mouth
No backline colour
1
Traditional art contest of sonok
as an alternative selection for Madura cattle Widi, T.S.M
1,2,3, T. Hartatik
2 and H.M.J.Udo
1
1Animal Production Systems Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University, The
Netherlands 2Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia 3Laboratory of Meat, Draught and Companion Animals, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas
Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Abstract
Madura cattle is one of prominent local cattle in Indonesia which was probably formed from 3 breeds,
Bali, Ongole and Bos Taurus cattle. The uniformity of this breed was developed from tuft selection of
Madura people, for hundreds years. Madura cattle are also embedded with cultural activities of Madura
people. One of cultural event involving Madura cattle is Sonok contest which is aimed to traditionally
select good heifer and cows. Cultural practices in keeping Sonok cattle and criteria applied to select it,
can be considered for conservation Madura cattle.
Madura people applied for certain characteristics to select Madura cattle which distinct them with their
ancestors (Bali and Ongole cattle). The criteria for selection of Sonok cattle include: body conformation,
body colour, existence of dewlap and hump, smear colour and back line colour. The aim of this study is
to explore certain characteristics of Sonok cattle among different groups of age.
In total 166 heads of Sonok cattle divided into 6 groups of age were observed for their exterior
characteristics, namely, body colour, existence of dewlap, hump, smear colour around eyes, mouth and
legs, and existence of the coloured back line. In total 106 heads of Sonok heifers and cows were
observed for their body condition score (BCS).
Mostly Sonok cattle in all of age groups are dark brown ( 63,86 %), have medium dewlap (66,27 %) and
small hump ( 60,84 %), non specific smear colour around eyes (55,42 %) and mouth (51,81 %), and on
legs ( 58, 43 %), and no coloured back line (55,42 %). It seems that Madura cattle characteristics are
combination of the characteristics of Bali and Ongole cattle. The characteristics have been maintaining
by farmers as traditional selection criteria through Sonok contest. Most of Sonok heifers and cows have
good body condition score (98,10 %). By applying traditional selection, Madura people have been
maintaining the phenotype uniformities of this breed for hundreds years.
Keywords: Madura cattle, traditional selection, Sonok, uniformity
2
Introduction
Madura cattle were formed from crossing of wild banteng or Bali cattle, zebu and probably ,
approximately 1500 years ago, in Madura island (Payne and Rollinson, 1976). The uniformity of the
breed was created through continuous selection by the farmers in Madura (Anonymous, 2003). The
colour is reddish-brown with a non-specific white pattern on the back-bottom and legs (Anonymous,
2003). Their height varies between 1.16 m and 1.24 m. They have a long body in relation to their legs.
The cows have a small head; the head of the bull is bigger. Their hoofs are strong. Madura cattle are
extremely well adapted to the local conditions and traditional management by the farmers. They are
reported to be one of the best draught animals in the world relative to their size (Barwegen, 2004).
Maduranese people have a strong cultural feeling about cattle and they care for their cattle as if
they are members of their family (De Jonge, 1990). The significance of cattle is also evident from the
appearance of bulls in local folk-tales, proverbs, and wood carvings depicting bulls, and from the horns
on traditional houses. There are two traditional events in Madura, which involves Madura cattle, Bull
racing (karapan) and cow contest (sonok). This study only observed the Madura cattle which are used
for sonok activity.
Sonok is a heifer/cow contest for which good heifers and cows are selected based on their
exterior performances. During contest, sonok cattle are harnessed with pengonong which makes them
walk in pairs and dressed with beautiful adornments. The pairs of cattle, guided by jockey , have to walk
along a line of 25 m to reach a finishing line, designed like a gate, while stepping their forefeet in a
harmonious manner (Widi et.al, 2010, unpublished).
Sonok cattle are judged by conformation traits, such as height at whiter, colour, body
conformation, body condition, health, and harmonious walking in a pair. The cows that perform well are
very popular for breeding (Widi et. al, 2010 unpublished). This study was aimed to explore and quantify
phenotypic characteristics of Sonok cattle among different age groups.
Material and Methods
This study was conducted in Pamekasan District, located in Madura Island, and is administratively
part of East Java Province. This area is famous as the source of sonok cattle and well-known as area
where the sonok contest is started in 1960’s.
3
Thirty seven sonok farmers were interviewed regarding the special characteristics of female
Madura cattle that are important for sonok contest. One hundred and sixty six female Madura cattle,
divided into six different age groups, were determined, by observing their phenotypic characteristics.
The qualitative data were analyzed descriptively. The frequency distribution was used to analyze
the exterior characteristics of female Madura cattle used for sonok.
Results
Desirable characteristics of sonok cattle
Figure 1 describes the characteristics mentioned by farmers in selecting Madura cattle for sonok
activity.
Desirable characteristics of
Sonok cattle
Big body, dark red in colour and
small-medium hump
Small-medium and firmly dewlap
Non specific colour around eyes
and mouths
Non specific colour on legs No backline colour
Figure 1. Desirable characteristics of sonok cattle
The characteristics of Madura cattle are combination of the characteristics of Bali and Ongole
4
cattle. Madura people have been maintaining the uniformity characteristics of Madura cattle for
hundred years. However, they special characteristics for each cultural event purpose.
Exterior characteristics of sonok cattle
Table 1 shows the exterior characteristics of sonok cattle among different age groups.
Table 1.
Exterior characteristics of Sonok cattle
Exterior characteristics
Group of age (months) Average 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-30 >30
Body colour (%)
Dark red 66.7 52.0 73.9 62.5 67.7 62.5 63.8
Dark red-yellow 8.3 28.0 13.0 12.5 8.8 28.6 19.3
Yellow 25.0 20.0 13.0 25.0 23.5 8.9 16.9
Size of dewlap (%)
Not exist 8.3 4.0 0.0 6.3 8.8 0.0 3.6
Small 83.3 96.0 78.3 93.7 61.8 39.3 66.3
Medium 8.3 0.0 21.7 0.0 29.4 60.7 30.1
Size of hump (%)
Small 100.0 100.0 78.3 93.8 61.8 17.8 60.9
Medium 0.0 0.0 21.7 6.2 26.4 55.4 27.7
Large 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.8 26.8 11.4
Smear colour around mouth (%)
Non specific 66.7 24.0 56.5 37.5 61.8 57.1 51.8
Cream 33.3 68.0 30.1 62.5 35.3 42.9 45.8
White 0 8.0 4.4 0.0 2.9 0.0 2.4
Smear colour around eyes (%)
Non specific 58.3 44.0 56.5 43.7 58.8 60.7 55.4
Cream 41.7 56.0 43.5 56.3 41.2 39.3 44.6
Smear colour around legs (%)
Non specific 41.7 12.0 30.4 18.7 44.1 44.6 34.9
Cream 58.3 84.0 60.9 75.0 50.0 46.5 58.5
White 0.0 4.0 8.7 6.3 5.9 8.9 6.6
Back line (%)
Not exist 50.0 56.0 56.5 56.3 50 58.9 55.5
Exist 50.0 44.0 43.5 43.7 50 41.1 44.6
Body condition score (BCS)
3.84±0.3 3.85±0.3 3.91±0.2 3.88±0.2
5
The exterior characteristics of sonok cattle are not much different among age of groups due to
selection by farmers to choose them as sonok cattle. The body colour is one of the most important
criteria to select sonok cattle. Farmers more preferred dark-red rather than less dark body colour. They
believed that dark body colour is results of good breeding selection and caring of sonok cattle. Sonok
farmers like small dewlap and small hump, non specific colour around mouth and eyes, and cream
colour on legs. They do not much emphasize on the existence of back line pattern. Most of sonok cattle
have body condition score above 3, indicating a good body condition.
Conclusions
Characteristics of Madura cattle, especially sonok cattle, which are most preferred by the farmers
are combination of the characteristics of Bali and Ongole cattle. By applying traditional selection,
Madura people have been maintaining phenotype uniformity of this breed for hundred years. Sonok
contest is one of unique events in Madura, which can be a main driver of maintaining a local breed.
References
Anonymous. 2003. National report on animal genetic resources Indonesia; a strategy of development Department of Agriculture, Jakarta. Barwegen, M. 2004. Browsing in livestock history; large ruminants and the environment in Java, 1850 - 2000.in Smallholders and stockbreeders; histories of foodcrop and livestock farming in Southeast Asia. P. B. a. D. Henley, ed. KITLV Press., Leiden.
De Jonge, H. 1990. Of bulls and men: the Madurese aduan sapi. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 146(4):423 - 447. Payne, W. and D. Rollinson. 1976. Madura cattle. Z. Tierzuch Zuctsbiol 93:89-100.