![Page 1: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Second Industrial Revolution
![Page 2: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Industry and Railroads• Bessemer process is created in the
1850s• By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s
top steel producer• Railroads, bridges, and buildings –
expansion of American infrastructure• Factories could produce more goods• The low cost of steel also made
everday items such as nails and wire
![Page 3: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Brooklyn Bridge
![Page 4: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Home Insurance Building in Chicago
![Page 5: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Between 1865-1890 the number of miles of railroad track jumped fivefold
• Prompted the federal government to give railroads land grants
• Pacific Railway Act (1862): Central Pacific and Union Pacific
• Increased settlement of the West• Created Standard Time and time zones
(1918)
![Page 6: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Rise of Big Business• Entrepreneurs – risk takers• Capitalism – free enterprise where
most businesses are privately owned• Laissez-faire capitalism – ‘leave alone’• Social Darwinism – huge inequalities
exist, but do so because of competition for survival. Stronger members adapt while weaker ones die out (natural selection). Businesses will succeed and many will fail (people as well).
![Page 9: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• The corporation developed – business with the legal status of an individual. They are owned by people who own stock, or shares
• Advantages– Corp. can raise money by selling stock– Stockholders lose what they invest– Corp. can last after founders move on
• Many competing corporations form a trust– In many cases it led to monopolies
![Page 11: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• http://www.nytimes.com/ref/business/20070715_GILDED_GRAPHIC.html#
![Page 13: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• John D. Rockefeller– Standard Oil; vertical integration; horizontal
integration– Eventually controls 90% of America’s oil supply
• Andrew Carnegie– Immigrant; worked for Pennsylvania Railroad;
bought his own; Carnegie Steel Company; philanthropist
• Cornelius Vanderbilt– Railroads and steamships
• George Pullman– Designing and building sleeper cars
![Page 14: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Pullman Company Town
![Page 20: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
•Robber Barons (or)
•Captains of Industry?
![Page 21: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• Advertising marketed to specific groups
• Department stores make shopping easier
• Rural communities ordered from catalogues
![Page 22: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Workers Unite• Many industrial workers make no
more than $500 a year• In 1890 10% of the population owns
75% of the wealth• Congress passes the Sherman
Antitrust Act in 1890 – can’t form trusts that interfere with free trade (few cases were prosecuted)
![Page 23: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Many factory workers were immigrants, rural transplants, African Americans, children
• By 1900 1 in 6 kids 10-15 held a job outside the home
• 12-16 hrs. a day, 6 days a week in the factory
• No paid vacation, no sick leave, no workmen’s comp.
• Beginnings of organization– Knights of Labor (1869) accepted unskilled
labor
![Page 24: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Goals of the Knights of Labor– 8 hr. workday– End of child labor– Equal pay for equal work
– They engaged in boycotts, negotiation, and then strikes
![Page 25: Second Industrial Revolution. Industry and Railroads Bessemer process is created in the 1850s By 1910 the U.S. becomes the world’s top steel producer](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649eb15503460f94bb7472/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Great Railroad Strike (1877) – • The Haymarket Riot (1886) –