![Page 1: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Secondary Compounds andMedicinal Plants
Spring 2012
![Page 2: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Lecture Outline
I. A brief history of medicinal plantsII. Plants in modern medicine A. Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) as a heart remedy B. The fever bark tree (Cinchona ledgeriana) and quinine as a remedy for malaria C. Willow bark (Salix spp.) and aspirin D. Plant-based cancer drugs III. Herbal remedies A. Ephedra B. St. Johnswort C. Ginkgo biloba
![Page 3: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A Brief History of Medicinal Plants
Apuleius, Herbal, 11th century, c. 1070-1100 England, St. Augustine's abbey, Canterbury
![Page 4: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon, 1770 B.C.The code mentions medicinal plants that are still in
use today, including licorice and mint.
![Page 5: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Ebers PapyrusEgypt, 1550 B.C.
700 medicinal formulas, including mandrake for pain relief, cannabis, and aloe.
![Page 6: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Dioscorides, 1st century A.D.
![Page 7: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Anaesthetics mentioned in Dioscorides’s Materia Medica
![Page 8: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Plates from a 12th century edition of Materia Medica
![Page 9: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Ps. Apuleius, Herbal, 11th century, c. 1070-1100 England, St. Augustine's abbey, Canterbury
![Page 10: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Doctrine of Signatures
Paracelsus1493-1541
![Page 11: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Plants in Modern Medicine
Foxglove: Digitalis purpurea(Snapdragon Family)
![Page 12: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
William Withering1741-1799
An Account of the Foxglove and Some of Its Medical Uses: With Practical Remarks on Dropsy and Other Diseases, 1785
![Page 13: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
1928 - The glycosides digitoxin and digitaliswere isolated. These have been determined to have a strong effect on the heart muscle.
![Page 14: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Congestive Heart Failure
![Page 15: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Digitalis purpureaFoxglove
![Page 16: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
2-3 million people die each year from malaria (at least 1 million deaths are young children).
Malaria
Map of Malaria-Endemic Areas from CDC
![Page 17: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
MalariaMalaria
![Page 18: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Malaria statistics are chilling: nearly 1 million people die from malaria each year in Africa alone, mostly children younger than 5 years old. Which one of the following causes malaria? A. breathing air from swamps B. Anopheles mosquitoes C. Plasmodium protozoansD. living in tropical regionsE. a sexually-transmitted virus
Clicker QuestionClicker Question
![Page 19: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Anopheles mosquito
Plasmodium falciparum
![Page 20: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Mid-17th century Jesuit missionaries in South America discovered
that indigenous peoples used a remedy made from the bark of cinchona,
a tree in the coffee family.
The Incans called
it quina, from
whence we get
quinine.
![Page 21: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cinchona calisayaFever Tree
(Rubiaceae - the coffee family)
![Page 22: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Cinchona bark,ground to make “Jesuit Powder.” Oliver Cromwell,
died of malaria in 1658
![Page 23: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Quinine, an alkaloid, the active ingredient in cinchona.
It kills the parasite in the bloodstream.
![Page 24: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Salix alba L.Aspirin
The most widely used medicine in the world:
![Page 25: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Plant-Based Cancer Drugs
![Page 26: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Rosy Periwinkle - (Catharanthus roseus), effective in the treatment of childhood leukemia
![Page 27: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Mitosis - cell division
mitotic spindle
![Page 28: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Pacific Yew, Taxus brevifolia, a potent anti-tumorogenic
Taxol
![Page 29: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Medicinal Plants on the Fringe:Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicine
![Page 30: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ephedra antisyphiliticaclapweed, whorehouse tea, Mormon tea
![Page 31: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Ephedra, source of ephedra, orma-huang
![Page 32: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
FDA NewsFOR IMMEDIATE RELEASEFebruary 6, 2004
FDA Issues Regulation Prohibiting Sale of Dietary Supplements Containing Ephedrine Alkaloids and Reiterates Its Advice That Consumers Stop Using These Products
![Page 33: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
St. Johnswort
![Page 34: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
(Linde et al. British Medical Journal, 1996)
St. Johnswort, effective in the treatment of minor depression
![Page 35: Secondary Compounds and Medicinal Plants Spring 2012](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/56649ee75503460f94bf8555/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
herbal supplement(increases circulation) Ginkgo bilobaGinkgo biloba
Ginkgo