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Section 4: Biomedical Information on the Internet
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Review of EBM searching
EBM theory : best research evidence + clinical expertise + patient’s unique values + circumstances
Types of evidence: Systematic review,Meta-analysis,RCT,Practice guideline,Case report
5S levels of evidence: studies, synthesis, synopses, summaries, systems
Common sources of evidence for each S refer to the list in Practice III or the lecture PPTs
PICO – well built clinical questions
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Common evidence resources:
ACP Journal Club
Cochrane Library
PubMed----Clinical Queries
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ACP Journal Club ACP Journal Club, a publication of the American
College of Physicians, one of the two journals of ACP Journal Club Collection (The other is Evidence-Based Medicine)
Structured abstracts and commentary on recently published, methodologically sound, and clinically relevant research.
The editors of ACP Journal Club screen the top clinical journals on a regular basis and identify studies that are both methodologically sound and clinically relevant. They write an enhanced abstract of the chosen articles and provide a commentary on the value of the article for clinical practice. Using this source, clinicians can quickly understand and apply to their practice important changes in medical knowledge, without having to read and synthesize for themselves thousands of journal articles.
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What is in The Cochrane Library?Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Cochrane Reviews)
Represents the gold standard of high-quality, evidence-based medical information; Free for abstract
Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (Other Reviews) Complements the Cochrane Reviews by quality-assessing and summarising reviews which have not been carried out by
The Cochrane Collaboration. DARE is unique in that it is the only database to contain abstracts of systematic reviews that have been quality assessed. Each abstract includes a summary of the review together with a critical commentary about the overall quality. Produced by the CRD in York.
Central Register of Controlled Trials (Clinical Trials) Includes details of published articles taken from bibliographic databases and other published resources. CENTRAL
records include the title of the article, information on where it was published and, in many cases, the abstract.
Cochrane Methodology Register (Methods Studies) Presents a bibliography of publications that report on methods used when conducting controlled trials. It includes
journals articles, books and conference proceedings. Articles are taken from MEDLINE and from hand searches.
Health Technology Assessment Database (Technology Assessments) Brings together details of completed and ongoing health technology assessments (studies of the medical, social, ethical
and economic implications of healthcare interventions) from around the world. The aim of the database is to improve the quality and cost effectiveness of health care. Produced by the CRD in York.
NHS Economic Evaluation Database (Economic Evaluations) As healthcare resources are finite, information about costs and effects are essential to making evidence-based decisions
about competing healthcare interventions. Information about cost-effectiveness can be difficult to identify, appraise and interpret. NHS EED assists decision-makers by systematically identifying economic evaluations from around the world, appraising their quality and highlighting their relative strengths and weaknesses. Produced by the CRD in York.
It also contains information about The Cochrane Collaboration and The Cochrane Collaborative Review Groups
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“searching for all text schizo, drugs, atypical
and antipsychotic. in All Fields in The Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews"
An Advanced Search of The Cochrane Library…
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… Returns the following results:
You can toggle between results listed for the different databases in The Cochrane Library here
Use these links to restrict your search results to Reviews only, or Protocols (reviews in progress) only.
Save or edit your search using these links.
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MeSH (Medical Subjects Heading Search)
Let us look at an example MeSH search
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Use the Thesaurus to search for MeSH descriptors
MeSH (Medical Subjects Heading Search)
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Or use qualifiers.
MeSH (Medical Subjects Heading Search)
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Search History
Select Search History to combine searches, enter their number together with Boolean operator of choice (AND, OR, NOT).
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Combine searches by entering their number together with Boolean operator of choice (AND, OR, NOT).
Search History
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Your combined search will then appear in your Search History.
Search History
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PubMed - Clinical QueriesPubMed - Clinical QueriesAvailable on PubMed homepage; also available from the bottom of the Advanced Search screen
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There are 3 search filters available from this page: Search by Clinical Study Category Find Systematic Reviews Medical Genetics Searches
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Search by Clinical Study Category•This specialized search query is intended for clinicians and has built-in search "filters" based on research done by R. Brian Haynes, M.D., Ph.D. at McMaster University in Canada.
Five study categories or filters are provided:•etiology •diagnosis•therapy•prognosis•clinical prediction guidelines
Two emphasis categories or filters are provided:•narrow, specific search -- will get more precise, relevant citations but less retrieval•broad, sensitive search -- includes relevant citations but probably some less relevant; will get more retrieval
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Medical Genetics Searches
•Finds citations related to various topics in medical genetics.
•Default is to All topics. Click on All check box to deselect; then click on topic(s) of interest.
•Developed in conjunction with the staff of GeneReviews: Genetic Disease Online Reviews at GeneTests, University of Washington, Seattle.
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Find Systematic Reviews
•This feature is provided to help clinicians locate systematic reviews and similar articles.
•It retrieves systematic reviews, meta-analyses, reviews of clinical trials, evidence-based medicine, consensus development conferences, and guidelines. Citations from journals specializing in clinical review studies are also included.
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EBM databases: a summary
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EBM Meta-Search engine
Search across multiple EBM resources
SUMSearch: http://sumsearch.uthscsa.edu
TRIP: http://www.tripdatabase.com
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BioMedical Information BioMedical Information on the Interneton the Internet
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Objective of this section
Learn how to use the internet for searching for medical resource, specific to your needs.
Guide you to some key Web sites for health and medicine.
Provide suggestions on ways to evaluate Internet sites and resources.
Help you start collecting your own list of useful Web sites to explore later.
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The Internet for Health Professionals
What can the internet offer? Current and up-to-date information. Access to both traditional and new sources of
information. Access to all resources through one piece of
software. The opportunity to discuss medical issues with
colleagues and experts from around the world though email, discussion lists and newsgroups.
The opportunity to pursue your research interests and continuing medical education studies from your own desktop, at a time that is convenient to you.
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Searching the Internet
Search Engines
Three major types.
How do they get content and
organize their information?
Each has its strengths and
weaknesses.
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Search Engines Types
General search engines Free-text search tools
Web directories Subject-arranged resource lists
Evaluated medical directories Evaluated sources of information
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General search engines
Aim to help you search as much of the Web as possible.
Search engines work by sending out a special computer program (eg. Spider or Crawler) to Web sites around the World to automatically create a huge index.
The best-known search engines are: GOOGLE http://www.google.com/ NORTHERN LIGHT http://nlresearch.com/
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GOOGLE http://www.google.com/ With a reported index comprising two
billion pages, it is the biggest Web search engine currently available.
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Demonstrate the power of the Google’s ranking technology. Although such a simple search generated many hits (about 79,500,000), highly relevant Web sites were at the top of this list, such as Am Diabetes Asso, NIDDK and CDC, etc. All types of information resources mixed up together.
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GOOGLE: searching Simple search
Advanced search
1. Enter search terms in the query box;2. Click the ’Google search’ button.
you can search only for pages: that contain ALL the search terms, or the exact phrase, or at least one of the words, or NOT any of the words you type in written in a certain language created in a certain file format that have been updated within a certain period of time that contain numbers within a certain range within a certain domain, or website …….
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Search resultGoogle ranks the results by a technique known as PageRank. Where ranking is determined by the frequency with which your search term(s) appears.
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• Search syntax used at Google
search Example
Phrase searching “gulf war syndrome”
‘OR’ search ‘postpartum depression’ OR ‘baby blues’
Stop words hepatitis +c
Excluding terms osteoporosis -hrt
File-type searching anthrax filetype:pdf
Domain search site:stanford.edu
Locating pages that link to other sites
link: www.nih.gov
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Services & tools
For more information, please visit Google Help Center http://www.google.com/intl/en/help/features.html
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NORTHERN LIGHT http://nlresearch.com With special collection of full text journal and
newspaper articles, it provides a rich and unique source of information.
Include: journals, business web™ , news, white papers.
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General search engines
Pros Useful if you want to find a very precise piece of
information Will find something on every subject imaginable Easy to search
Cons Can give you too many results –time consuming to sort
through Can return lots or irrelevant or inappropriate information
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Web directories
Aim to help you look through (or browse) many thousands of Web sites under a series of subject headings.
Most are run commercially and use volunteers or hired-editors to select the Web sites and arrange them into subject lists.
Two well known examples are: YAHOO! HEALTH http://www.yahoo.com/Health/ OPEN DIRECTORY PROJECT http://dmoz.org/Health/
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Yahoo!Health
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Contain both directory categories and individual Web sites. Although the resources identified in this search do not represent the total of all diabetes resources (fewer results than Google), they nevertheless provide an excellent starting point.
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Open directory project
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Web directories
Pros The subject lists mean you don’t have to think up search
terms Cover a very wide range of subjects: so good if you want
popular sites as well as serious ones
Cons Relevant resources may be overlooked by inappropriate
use of directory headings. Significantly smaller and less up-to-date than their free-text
search engines equivalents. Can quickly become out of date.
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Evaluated medical directories
Aim to help a particular audience find high quality Web sites for their particular needs.
They are often created by specialist organisations (eg. educational or professional organisations) who often employ qualified subject experts to select and organise Web sites under subject headings, and write descriptions of the sites.
Examples include: MEDICAL MATRIX http://www.medmatrix.org/ INTUTE: Health & Life Science http://www.intute.ac.
uk/healthandlifesciences/ HEALTH ON THE NET (HON) http://www.hon.ch/
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Medical Matrix
Managed by the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIS)
Eight top-level headings, featured links, annotated description of the indexed resource.
Note: Users can browse Medical Matrix free of charge. Searching the database, however, is restricted to subscribers.
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All the sites listed look as though they have serious educational content with a description written by a subject expert. Can be an excellent way of finding relevant and authoritative documents in a very short space of time.
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Intute:Health and Life SciencesIntute:Health and Life Sciences
Health and Life Sciences Gateway
Medicine (formerly OMNI) Nursing, Midwifery and
Allied Health Veterinary Bioresearch Natural History Agriculture, Food and
Forestry BioethicsWeb -
biomedical ethics MedHist - history of
medicine resources Psci-com – public
engagement with science and technology
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Intute:Medicine Searching
Over 31,000 records, each one hand selected and described by a subject specialist.
Simple or advanced searches, keyword or “phrase searching”.
Refine your search results Browsing
using NLM classification and MeSH headings far more precise and focused
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Browse by MeSH
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Harvester to broaden your searchesOther subject groupsA- Arts and HumanitiesS- Science, Engineering and TechnologySo- Social Sciences
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Health on the Net (HON) Special features are two widely-used medical search
tools (HONselect and MedHunt) and the HON Code of Conduct (HONcode).
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•HONSelect Search integrator Use MeSH, a database of
33,000 medical terms. Combine six
information types into one service-- web sites, medical images, news, scientific articles, clinical trials, conferences/ events.
Four popular categories
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•HONSelect Search Example
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Full text search engine. Web documents is
organized in four categories: All, Hospitals, Support, Events.
* HONselect is suitable for users who have identified their needs with some precision in advance.
* MedHunt search is not restricted to medical terms but ranges far more widely.
•MedHunt- Medical Document Hunter
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•MedHunt Search Example
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Evaluated medical directories
Pros Good if you need trustworthy results for serious work or
research You get fewer, but more relevant results, as the subject
specialists have filtered out a lot of the inappropriate sites
Cons As individuals compile the directories, potentially useful
resources are over looked. Most evaluated subject directories are still very much in
their infancy, and consequently the number of resources identified thus far is quite small.
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The biomedical Web
Professional Organizations BioMedical Journals BioMedical Portals Interactive Learning BioMedical Images Consumer Health Information
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Professional Organizations Government organizations World Health Organization (WHO) National Institutes of Health (NIH) American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) US food and drug administration (FDA) Professional societies/Professional
associations Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) American College of Physicians (ACP)
medical schools, hospitals, research centers
……
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National Institutes of Health (NIH)
The NIH, a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is the primary Federal agency for conducting and supporting medical research. http://www.nih.gov/
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Helpful resources ABOUT NIH
NIH Institutes, Centers & Offices http://www.nih.gov/icd/
News and Events - the lastest research advances, NIH-sponsored conferences and events… http://www.nih.gov/news/index.html
Health Topic A to Z http://health.nih.gov/see_all_topics.asp
Clinicaltrials.gov - offers information for locating federally and privately supported clinical trials for a wide range of diseases and conditions in the U.S and around the world. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/
Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects (CRISP) - Research funded by NIH -Search many ways. http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/
PubMed MedlinePlus
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ClinicalTrials.gov
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Practice: Using the Clinicaltrials.gov, find the clinical trails data for diabetes for persons over 66?
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CRISP
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PRACTISE: search for NIH-funded projects about diabetes in FY2008.
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American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/
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Practice: Using CDC Wonder, find prevention guidelines of SARS.
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US food and drug administration (FDA) http://www.fda.gov/
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World Health Organization http://www.who.int/
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Medical Journals Three models of scholarly publishing1. E-print archives: Everything is free and available to all via the Web. In the
biomedical sciences, however, this model has not been widely accepted.
2. New publishers – economic alternatives: Subscription journals still exist but are published by not-for-
profic organizations. BioMed Central (BMC) represents the biggest single alternative to the traditional medical publishers.
3. Free back-files archives: All research should be free on the Web after a period of time,
say 6 months or 12 months and so on. Current issues would only be available to subscribers.
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Medical Journals
Acess to journals on the Web1. Publisher siteScienceDirect, HighWire Press, Springerlink,etc.2. Aggregator Services ProQuest, OVID, EBSCO,etc.
Note: Check with our library for access to full-text e-journals. http://www.cmu.edu.cn/library/showpage.asp?pageid=351
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Medical JournalsOpen Access Journal Sites http://highwire.stanford.edu/lists/free
art.dtl
http://www.pubmedcentral.com/ http://www.biomedcentral.com/ http://www.freemedicaljournals.com/
Further resources: http://www.healthnet.org/essential-links/fulltext-e-
journals.html
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This the HireWire Press free article database. Users have access to over 2,009,596 full text articles.
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PubMed Central is a free archive of articles that have been deposited in this free repository.
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BioMed Central is an open access publisher that makes access to published articles freely available to the public. The journals are funded by an author pays model.
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FreeMedicalJournals.com lists journals sites that make their content free to all users.
Journals are listed by A-Z, speciality, and language.
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This is the AED/SATELLIFE Essential Health Links gateway that links to relevant WWW sites for the health community in developing and transitional countries.
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Medical Portals
Aim to address all the information and educational needs from a single site. Examples include:
Medscape http://www.medscape.com/ Free access, 300 000 doctors and 1.2 million other user subscribed; around 30 specialty sites, provide access to MEDLINE, DrugInfo and various image database; CME programme; ……
MD Consult http://www.mdconsult.com/ Access fees, over 250 000 subscribers, owned by Elsevier Science; over 600 peer-reviewed clinical guidelines,……
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Medcape’s Specialty homepage contain: Featured CME highlighted educational activities for the week
(generally updated twice a week); In Focus the top articles of the week (generally updated twice
week); Today's News the top news stories of the day (updated daily); CME Center recent professional educational activities by
specialty; Resource Centers sections on specific conditions or topics of
interest; Expert Corner Ask the Experts based on topics of concern
according to specialty; Conference Center reports and highlights from key medical
meetings; Discussions a forum for discussions with your peers; Library Journals, textbooks, and reference tools.
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Interactive Learning Virtual interactive patient simulations Tuarma Moulage
http://www.trauma.org/resus/moulage/moulage.html Lecture notes,tutorials and multimedia textbooks Lectures: Supercourse - epidemiology, the internet and global
health http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/ Tutorials: the Internet Pathology Laboratory http://www-
medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/TUTORIAL.html Textbooks: Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
http://www.merck.com/ubs/mmanual Online CME courses Online CME http://www.cmelist.com/list.htm Examinations MCQs http://www.mcqs.com/ Virtual conferencing Medscape Conference Center, Videocasting
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Medical Images
Medical image databases Images.MD http://www.images.md/users/index.asp Bristol Biomedical Image Archive http://www.brisbio.ac.uk/ Images from the History of Medicine
http://www.ihm.nlm.nih.gov/
Search Engines: Image Retrieval Google Image Finder http://images.google.com/ AltaVista Image Search http://uk.altavista.com/ Karolinska Institute page of image-related links
http://www.mic.ki.se/Medimages.html
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Consumer health information
Patient questions Where can I find information about a particular illness?
Where can I find out more information about a drug I have been prescribed? How can I prepare for a consultation? How does the performance of one hospital compare with another?......
Key sites MEDLINEplus http://www.medlineplus.gov/ US Pharmacopoeia http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ Pocket Doctor http://www.pocketdoctor.co.uk/ Ask the Doc http://www.intelihealth.com/
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MEDLINEplus A patient-centered resource
developed by the National Library of Medicine
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MEDLINEplus Health Topics
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MEDLINEplus Health Topics Example
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Evaluating Internet Resources
The Web is full of information and data from all over the world.
Excellent resources reside alongside dubious.
Anyone can publish anything!
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Evaluating Internet Resources
Evaluate using Criteria for Evaluating Web Resources
Determine the type of site by analyzing Web Site Addresses
Helpful Evaluation AMA Guidelines for medical and health information sites
on the Internet (2000) http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/283/12/1600
A User's Guide to finding and evaluating health information on the web http://www.mlanet.org/resources/userguide.html
HON: Published code of conduct for web publishing of health information (HONcode)
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Criteria for Evaluating Web Resources
Accuracy Authority Objectivity Currency Coverage, intended audience
FROM: Kapoun, Jim. "Teaching undergrads WEB evaluation: A guide for library instruction." C&RL News (July/August 1998): 522-523. http://www.library.cornell.edu/olinuris/ref/webcrit.html
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Analyze the Website Address
edu org com gov mil
http://www.cdc.gov/nip/child.htm
sub directory
Domain name
Hypertext transfer protocol
filename
Top level domain
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Learning More To find out more about using the
Internet to find reliable information, I would strongly recommend that you take one of the tutorials (whichever best fits your subject) from the menu of Health & Life Sciences topics:
www.vts.intute.ac.uk This will introduce you to some useful
starting points in your Internet searching and will look in more detail at how you can assess the quality and reliability of the sites that you find
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Notes
Change of the 4th /the last practice date to: Nov 27, 10:00-12:00am
To review this course, please download the lecture PPTs from the folder “pub-medical information retrieval” on ftp.cmu.edu.cn
The review synopsis will be issued together with the Practice Exercises IV on the teacher’s QQ space: http://151437680.qzone.qq.com