SECTIONALISM
AND THE CIVIL
WAR 11 Pages…
SECTIONALISM
When people favor the interests of one
region over the interests of the country as a
whole
Tariffs
Slavery
Industry
Uses of land
Political Parties
North vs. South
A SPLITTING COUNTRY
Various reasons and issues caused a rift in the country
Tariffs:
High tariffs helped the industrial North by making their
prices cheaper against imports – made people buy
American-made goods
The South imported most non-agricultural goods, saw tariffs
as a burden imposed by the North – their main trade
partners were from Europe
The West needed funding for roads, canals, railroads, etc.
This was funded by the tariffs.
NULLIFICATION CRISIS 1832 A very high tariff had split the country
Vice President John Calhoun left office
to go help his home state of South
Carolina
South Carolina considered the tariff
null and void, threatened military
action, and threatened to secede from
the Union
Henry Clay helped reach a
compromise tariff
Both sides backed down and conflict
was avoided
States’ Rights -Revolved around the
ability of a state to declare federal laws
unconstitutional
John C. Calhoun
Claimed that state
governments have the
right to reject federal
laws.
MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820 Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state
Maine was admitted as a free state
Any new states above the Missouri Compromise line would
be free states
Maintain balance in the Senate
A SPLITTING COUNTRY Slavery:
North – illegal since the Revolution
Abolitionist societies and newspapers –
Underground Railroad
Many didn’t know what was going on with
African Americans
South – slaves viewed as property
Needed to maintain their way of life
Considered a state’s right issue
Many fugitive slaves
West – fight over whether to extend
slavery into the new territories
AFRICAN AMERICANS
Free African Americans could own
property and had some rights
Slaves had no rights at all
Discrimination happened in all areas of
the country
HENRY DAVID THOREAU
He disagreed with a country
that had slavery and fought in
wars
His writing – Civil
Disobedience – influenced
many people to refuse to obey
laws they considered unjust
Martin Luther King Jr. would
later use this philosophy
DEBATE OVER SLAVERY
Victory in the Mexican War in 1848 added more than 500,000 square miles to the U.S.
This renewed the debate over the expansion of slavery
Some northerners wanted to prohibit slavery in all parts of the Mexican Cession
ELECTION OF 1848 Many candidates did not
take a stance on slavery issues in the West
This was in favor to Whig candidate Zachary Taylor – Mexican War hero
Zachary Taylor
12th President
1849-1850
Whig
COMPROMISE OF 1850
California gold rush caused a population spike that
caused it to apply directly to be a state
This raised the issue of whether to admit it as a free
state or slave state – upset the balance
Many Southerners were upset about it –
Senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi warned that
they were about to permanently destroy the balance of
power between the sections
He and many others declared they would oppose the
admission of California as a free state
COMPROMISE OF 1850 Henry Clay, nicknamed “The Great Compromiser” and
Daniel Webster stepped forward with another plan:
-Urged Congress to let California enter as a free state
-Called for the rest of the Mexican Cession to be organized
as a federal territory – popular sovereignty should decide
the status of slavery
-Addressed a border dispute between Texas and New
Mexico – Texas gave up land – in exchange for US paying off
their debt.
-Called for an end to slave trade – not slavery- in the
country’s capital
-Called for a new, more effective fugitive slave law
DANIEL WEBSTER
Known as the “Great
Orator”
Worked to create
compromises with the
southern states that
would delay the start of
the Civil War
COMPROMISE OF 1850 This was the last time a compromise worked
(Henry Clay died in 1852.)
THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT
Required the return of
escaped slaves to their owners
Made it a federal crime to help
runaway slaves
This pleased the South, but
angered the North because
they felt it was immoral
DEATH OF ANOTHER PRESIDENT
Zachary Taylor died
suddenly after 16 months
in office
His successor was Millard
Fillmore
Millard Fillmore
13th President
Last Whig to be president
1850-1853
FRANKLIN PIERCE
14th President
Democrat
1853-1857
TROUBLE IN KANSAS
People wanted to build a railroad to
the Pacific
In order to do so, the rest of the
Louisiana Purchase had to be organized
into federal territories
In 1854 Stephen Douglas introduced
what became the Kansas-Nebraska
Act
KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT
This would divide the rest of the Louisiana Purchase into two territories – Kansas and Nebraska
In each territory popular sovereignty would decide the question of slavery
This did away with the Missouri Compromise line
Anti-slavery Northerners were outraged
President Pierce was a supporter of this act and got it signed into law
Many issues start popping up in Kansas as pro and anti-
slavery groups rushed in to vote on the issue of slavery
Fights between different groups “Bleeding Kansas”
REPUBLICAN PARTY
One effect of this bill
was to kill off the Whig
party who was wishy-
washy on the subject of
slavery
In its place came the
Republican Party, which
was strongly against the
spread of slavery
Supported the Union
JAMES BUCHANAN
15th President
Democrat
1857-1861
DRED SCOTT V. SANFORD Dred Scott was a slave owned by John
Sanford
He traveled with John Sanford
throughout the northern part of the
Louisiana Purchase
When he returned he sued John Sanford
for his freedom claiming he had been
living in free lands
The Supreme Court decided Scott could
not be heard in federal courts because
he was not a citizen of the U.S. and
therefore had no protection under the
Constitution
Congress had no authority over slavery
in the territories
SCOTT V. SANFORD
This court case confirmed slaves
as property and cannot bring
cases to federal court
Upon statehood each territory
would determine whether or not
it would be a slave state or a free
state
The South favored the decision,
but the North did not
This caused further tension
between the North and the
South
Roger Taney
Supreme Court Justice
Appointed by Andrew Jackson
SCOTT V. SANFORD
A Constitutional amendment would later be
passed which completely outlawed slavery
This could be considered a response from
Congress to the ruling in the case
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
16th President
Republican
1861-1865
He did not win a
single Southern
state’s electoral
vote.
BREAKING THE UNION
Many southern states believed that once in power,
Lincoln would move to abolish slavery
Just four days after Lincoln’s election South
Carolina’s legislature called a special convention
They were considering secession
After three days of speeches all delegates voted to
secede
LINCOLN’S FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS
Equality – promised to not interfere
with the rights of states and the
institution of slavery
The Union – argued that the Union
could not be dissolved
The Government – stated it was
against the law to secede from the
Union
Liberty – “I have no purpose, directly
or indirectly, to interfere with the
institution of slavery in the states
where it exists. I believe I have no
lawful right to do so, and I have no
inclination to do so.”
CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA
By February, 1861 Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, and Texas had also seceded from the Union
They established a new nation – The Confederate States of
America
They passed their own constitution, closely resembling the
U.S. Constitution except that citizens could own slaves
JEFFERSON DAVIS
Elected president of the
Confederate States of America
– 1861
His inaugural address states
that the secession of the
Southern states was similar to
the colonists’ revolution
against Britain
Claimed that secession was a
“necessity, not a choice.”
JEFFERSON DAVIS
Equality –
Slaves were not even viewed as an issue of equality
The Union –
Davis explained breaking away was a “necessity” if they were to
continue to engage in commerce with the rest of the world
The Government –
Similar to the U.S. government
Liberty –
Contrasting Lincoln’s discussion of liberty for individual people
Rights of person and property have not been disturbed
Jefferson Davis’
inauguration
Alabama State
Capital
THE CIVIL WAR 1861-1865
CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR
Sectionalism:
Loyalty to local interests instead of national concerns
Three different cultural and business practices were happening
in our country – North – South – West
North – manufacturing and commerce, capital was invested in
factories and transportation
South – cash-crop, capital was invested in slaves and overseas
markets
West – depended on cheap land for expansion and good
transportation networks to keep in touch with eastern
businesses
CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR
State’s Rights:
The political position advocating a strict interpretation of
the Constitution
The South turned to a states’ rights argument to protect
slavery
Southerners claimed that the federal government was
prohibiting their 10th Amendment right
Southerners also said the federal government was not
permitted to interfere with slavery in those states it already
existed
Southern states thought they had the right to secede
Issues: Right to own slaves as property and federal tariffs
CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR Slavery:
First began in Virginia during the Colonial era
Throughout the first half of the 19th century Southern
politicians sought to defend slavery by retaining control of
the federal government
The North had embraced industrialization, large urban
areas, experiencing high birth rates and large amounts of
immigrants
This boost in population doomed Southern efforts to
maintain balance in the government
They worried about the election of a Northern, anti-slavery
president
EVENTS OF THE CIVIL WAR
FIRING ON
FORT SUMTER
April, 1861
An important federal post was Fort Sumter, it controlled the
entrance to the Charleston Harbor, in South Carolina
Running low on supplies, Abraham Lincoln decided to resupply
them
South Carolina demanded that the Union troops leave the fort
Union troops refused – Confederate guns opened fire on Fort
Sumter
The Civil War had begun
FREDERICK DOUGLASS
He persuaded the Union to permit
African Americans to fight in the army
The number of African-Americans began
to outnumber the white volunteers for
the army.
Neither side was ready for a battle
Both relied on volunteers – the North had a
larger population, therefore more soldiers
General Winfield Scott developed the
Union’s two-part strategy
He wanted to destroy the South’s economy
through a naval blockade of southern
seaports and gain control of the Mississippi
river.
It would take time to succeed
The strategies of the North and South led
to a war fought on land and sea
HABEAS CORPUS:
Constitutional protection
against unlawful imprisonment
On April 27, 1861 Abraham Lincoln
suspended the right of habeas
corpus.
He did this in response to riots,
local militia actions and the threat
that the border state of Maryland
would secede from the Union,
leaving the nation’s capital
surrounded by hostile territory.
Lincoln acted without congressional
approval.
Chief Justice Taney
HABEAS CORPUS
U.S. Supreme Court case challenged the president’s rights
to suspend habeas corpus.
Ex parte Merryman – John Merryman
Taney ruled that President Lincoln’s suspension of habeas
corpus was unconstitutional. Lincoln ignored the ruling.
Lincoln defended his authorization for the suspension of
habeas corpus primarily because the nation was at war.
Congress authorized the Habeas Corpus Act in 1863 to
relieve the president from being held liable for acting
without congressional approval
ROBERT E. LEE Chief General of
Confederacy
When the South seceded, Lincoln offered Lee the command of Union forces
He refused, resigned from the U.S. Army and returned to Virginia to serve with the Confederate forces
In 1862 Lee was appointed command of the Army of North Virginia
His battle strategies are admired to this day
STONEWALL JACKSON
Confederate General
Considered to be one of the most
gifted tactical commanders in U.S.
history
His death was a severe blow to
the Confederacy and his men’s
morale
BATTLE OF ANTIETAM Maryland - 1862
Confederate leaders hoped a victory on Northern soil
might break Union spirits and convince Europe to help
Both sides began drafting soldiers to meet the demand of
troops
The battle lasted for hours
It was the bloodiest single-day battle of the war
Union casualties – more than12,000
Confederate casualties – more than 13,000
Union victory
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
(JANUARY 1,1863)
Lincoln proclaimed all enslaved people in
Confederate lands to be forever free
The proclamation could not be enforced in rebel
areas, but as the Union took over rebel lands, slaves
were set free instead of returned to their masters
This was not a law passed by Congress
This changes the nature of the war from preserving
the Union to freeing the slaves
WEST VIRGINIA
West Virginia became a state following the
Wheeling Conventions, in which 50 northwestern
counties of Virginia whose landowners owned few
to no slaves decided to break away from Virginia
during the American Civil War.
The new state was admitted to the Union on June
20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state.
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG Pennsylvania – 1863
92,000 Union troops
fought 76,000 Confederate
troops
The Union won
This turned back the
Confederate invasion
of the North
Considered the turning
point of the Civil War
ULYSSES S.
GRANT
Chief General of the
Union Army
He created an overall plan
concentrated on Sherman’s
march through Georgia and
his own assault on the
Confederate Army in Virginia
GETTYSBURG ADDRESS (FOUR MONTHS AFTER THE BATTLE)
Lincoln’s speech: “Four score and seven years ago”
Equality – “all men are created equal”
The Union – Restore peace and keep the nation united
The Government – “The government of the people, by
the people, and for the people shall not perish from the
earth.”
Liberty – Principles of liberty and equality based on the
Declaration of Independence
SIEGE OF VICKSBURG
The North captured this strong hold to gain
control of the Mississippi River and divided the
Southern States
ABRAHAM LINCOLN – SECOND TERM
1865
LINCOLN’S SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS
March 4, 1865
Equality – Denounces slavery
The Union – Restoration and peace for the
Union
The Government – Lincoln stated that there
were people trying to destroy the government
with or without war
Liberty – War will continue until slavery ceases to
exist
LEE’S SURRENDER April 9, 1865
Appomattox Court
House
Brings the Civil War
to a close
Lee surrenders the
Confederate forces
of Virginia to Grant
UNITED STATES WAR CASUALTIES
American Revolution: 25,000
Civil War: 625,000
World War I: 116,000
World War II: 405,000
Korean War: 36,000
Vietnam War: 58,000
Afghanistan: 2,000
Iraq War: 4,000
War on Terror: 6,700
These are approximate counts. The numbers are
generally a bit higher.
ORIGINAL TARGETS – APRIL 14, 1865
A
Abraham Lincoln
President Andrew Johnson
Vice President
William Seward
Secretary of State
FORD’S THEATRE
ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth
Southern Sympathizer
April 14, 1865
CONSPIRATORS
Mary Surratt
George Atzerodt
Lewis Powell
David Herold
LINCOLN/KENNEDY COINCIDENCES Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846
John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946
Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860
John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1960
The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters
Both were particularly concerned with civil rights
Both wives lost children while living in the White House.
Both presidents were shot on a Friday
Both were shot in the head
Both were assassinated by Southerners
Both were succeeded by Southerners
Both successors were named Johnson
Andrew Johnson was born in 1808
Lyndon Johnson was born in 1908
Both assassins were known by their three names – John Wilkes Booth, Lee Harvey Oswald
Both names have 15 letters
Both assassins were assassinated before their trials
QUALITIES OF LEADERS
Abraham Lincoln
Led the U.S. as president
during the Civil War
Through his leadership
the Union was preserved
and slavery eventually
abolished after his
assassination in 1865
Last photograph of Abraham Lincoln.
March 6, 1865
MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENTS
PHILIP BAZAAR Born in Chile
In the Union Navy
On board the USS Santiago
de Cuba
During the assault on Fort
Fisher
He bravely entered the fort
in the assault and
accompanied his party in
carrying dispatches at the
height of the battle
He was one of the six men
who entered the fort from
the fleet
WILLIAM CARNEY 54th Massachusetts Regiment
(Union)
Battle of Fort Wagner
He was the first black soldier
to receive the award
When his regiment’s sergeant
was shot down, Carney
grabbed the flag, led the way
to the parapet, and planted
the colors
When troops fell back he
brought off the flag, under
fierce fire – he was severely
wounded twice
Maroon - States that seceded before April 15, 1861
Red - States that seceded after April 15, 1861
Yellow - Union states that permitted slavery
Blue - Union states that forbade slavery
Gray - Territories, unaffiliated