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Securing Water for Our Future
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“Water is a silent servant”
James Dalton, Director of Civil Works, COE HQICWP Conference, March 2018
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Byzantium/Constantinople
Emperor Valens
400 mile aqueduct in the 300’s- Equivalent mileage: Spfd to Dallas
We have been solving the problem of getting access to water
resources since civilization began.
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Surface water sources include streams and rivers, lakes and reservoirs, and oceans.
http://www2.worldwater.org/chronology.html
Global Supply – Surface Water
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Day Zero, Cape Town, South Africa2018
These tree trunks were submerged when the Theewaterskloof Dam in Villiersdorp, South Africa, was full.
“Day Zero" was forecast for April 12, 2018. Cape Town (4 million people), was preparing to
be the world's first major city to run dry.
• If "Day Zero" had arrived, many people would have had to go to collection points guarded
by security forces for a daily ration of 6.6 gallons.
• Since around the end of white minority rule in 1994, the population has soared by about 80
percent, straining municipal infrastructure.
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/water-crisis-hits-cape-town-south-africa-day-zero-looms-n841881?cid=sm_npd_nn_fb_ma
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With one-fifth of the world’s population relying on seasonal Himalayan melting, the
disappearance of the Third Pole is sending warning signs.
• 1.3 billion people live in the watersheds directly supplied by glacial melt from the
Hindu Kush-Himalaya (HKH) region.
• As the Himalayan glaciers disappear, ten major Asian river systems are
threatened.
http://www.circleofblue.org/himalayas/
https://e360.yale.edu/features/tracking-the-himalaya-rsquo-s-melting-glaciers
The disappearing third pole.
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• City reduced water demand per capita by almost 50 percent.
• Invested millions in infrastructure.
• That included a pipeline that would deliver water over mountains.
• Invested more than $6 billion in the construction of the Wonthaggi Desalination Plant,
• Which to this day has never been used.
• Rebate programs for residential graywater systems—used for gardening.
• The government invested heavily in increasing the use of recycled water.
• Citizens also invested in rainwater holding tanks—by the end of the drought, nearly 1 in 3 citizens of
Melbourne had one.
• Water restrictions were implemented and education programs launched.
• Electronic billboards that flashed reservoir levels.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-australia-can-teach-the-world-about-surviving-drought/
Australian Drought, 1997 to 2009
• Worst drought in history.
• Melbourne (4.3 million people) water levels dropped to an all-time low capacity of 25.6 percent before the drought eased.
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE; WHYMAP; MARGAT, 2008; MARGAT AND VAN DER GUN, 2013, GROUNDWATER AROUND THE WORLD
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/07/world-aquifers-water-wars/#/world-aquifer.jpg
Key groundwater basins on every inhabited continent are being drained, according to the study.http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2015/world/groundwater-depletion-stresses-majority-of-worlds-largest-aquifers/
More than 2
billion people rely
on aquifers as
their primary
water source.
Water reserves in
21 of the 37 largest
aquifers have
declined since 2003.
University of California, Irvine,
analysis of data from NASA’S
GRACE satellite mission.
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Source: Water Resource Research
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06-30/global-aquifer-water-level-anomalies/6584460
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https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/07/can-graphene-make-the-worlds-water-clean/
“By the middle of the century more than half of the planet will live in areas of “water
stress”, where supplies cannot sustainably meet demand.”-The Economist
Projected Water Sources Stress in 2030
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http://www.wri.org/our-work/project/aqueduct/maps-data
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Global Factors – World Population Growth and Agriculture
Between 1800 and 2000 the human population increased
about six-fold. Will there be enough water and food to
support the projected population of 9.2 billion in 2050? In
the U.S., agriculture is 80% of consumptive water use.
http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-practices-management/irrigation-water-use.aspx
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https://www.elementascience.org/articles/10.12952/journal.elementa.000083/
Global Supply – Use by Sector
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https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/maps-art-gis-geography-robert-szucs
U.S. Supply - Surface Water
New 3D maps created by geographer Robert Szucs, show not only the rivers, but
also the massive, sprawling basins that feed them.
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The U.S. population is projected to increase from 314 million in 2012 to 420
million in 2060 -US Census Bureau
U.S. Supply – Surface Water
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Visible at the top of the Hoover Dam, this 'bathtub ring' shows the devastating effects of
drought and over-assignment which has seen the level of Lake Mead drop to an historic
low.
• The lake's surface now sits at just over 1,000ft, the lowest point it has been since it
started being filled in the early 1930s when the dam was finished.
• The water level is so low that officials from Las Vegas, which draws its water from
Lake Mead, have been forced to spend $800million building a third pipe to ensure
their supply does not run out.
LAKE MEAD WATER LEVEL
1,078.87 Feet MSL
October 24, 2018 7:00:00 PM
Level is 150.13 feet below full
pool of 1,229.00
U.S. Supply – Example Surface Water Decline
http://mead.uslakes.info/level.asp
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The California Aqueduct is a system
of canals, tunnels, and pipelines that
conveys water collected from the
Sierra Nevada Mountains and valleys
of northern and central California. The
over 400-mile aqueduct is the
principal feature of the California State
Water Project.
The Central Arizona Project is a
336 mi diversion canal in Arizona
in the United States.
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• Cotton, corn, and hay are all crops that could see significant declines in yield by 2050, according to researchers at MIT. They found that stress on water supplies will cut irrigation, leading to the declines. MIT News
• Outside of Phoenix, in the scorching Arizona desert, sits a farm that Saudi Arabia's largest dairy uses to make hay for cows back home. That dairy company, named Almarai, has planted thousands of acres of groundwater-guzzling alfalfa to make that hay. Saudi Arabia can't grow its own hay anymore because those crops drained its own ancient aquifer.
https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2015/11/3/1443993/-Saudi-Arabia-has-a-hay-farm-in-Arizona-because-Saudi-Arabia-is-out-of-water-to-grow-hay
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Principal aquifers of the United States (modified from Principal Aquifers, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003)
In this map, a principal aquifer is defined as a regionally extensive aquifer or aquifer system that
has the potential to be used as a source of potable water.
http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/aquifer/map.html
USGS Map of the Principal Aquifers of the United States
U.S. Supply - Groundwater
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U.S. Supply – Example Cumulative Groundwater Depletion
https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/maps/groundwater-depletion-map-united-states
10.7 million acre-feet: Net
decline, between 2013 and
2015, in water storage in the
Ogallala Aquifer.
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EPA.gov
U.S. Water Supply – Population Growth and Migration
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WHERE DOES MISSOURI DRINKING WATER COME FROM?*
•Surface (rivers, lakes) – 61%• 47% from Missouri River
o 8 of 10 biggest cities
•Ground (aquifers) – 39%• High quality water
• Abundant but not endless
o Cones of depression
o Well interference
o Cost of pumping
o Saltwater intrusion
o Contamination
o Subsidence
o Dependent on re-charge
*Missouri Water Resources Plan/DNR MW
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Six Drivers of Concern
No major river for supply.
Population growth.
Aquifer drawdowns – projected gaps in supply.
Drought - which is overdue.
Water is cheaper than dirt.
Riparian law leaves us vulnerable in the water marketplace.
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Population densities
stress groundwater
oCones of depression
oWell interference
oCost of pumping
oSaltwater intrusion
oContamination
oSubsidence
oDependent on re-charge
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2030
Average Growth
55%
Christian: 141%
Webster: 72%
Taney: 71%
Polk: 49%
Jasper: 46%
Stone: 41%
Greene: 37%
Lawrence: 34%
Barry: 30%
Newton: 27%
https://www.missourieconomy.org/indicators/population/pop_proj_2030.stm
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Projected increase or
decrease
in county population:
2010 to 2030
Source: Missouri Office of
Administration Division of
Budget & Planning
Branson’s 9 million
visitors a year
averages out to
750,000 people a
month in addition to
full-time populations.
Updated growth
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Southwest Missouri Water Supply – Surface and Groundwater
MDNR Water Resources Center
Only five
communities
have access to
surface water
as a secondary
source.
The rest have
a single water
supply source
– groundwater
from the
common
aquifer.
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GROUNDWATER LEVEL DECLINE FROM
PREDEVELOPMENT TO 2006-2007
Little or no change
Less than 100 feet
100 to 199.9 feet
200 to 299.9 feet
300 feet or more
Source: Mo DNR, Water Resources Center
Southwest Missouri Water Supply
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Annual Average Precipitation 1895-2016
Pre
cip
itat
ion
(in
.)
Data Source: Missouri Climate Center/NOAA
5 yr. running meanLong-term average: 39.91”
Dry PeriodWet Period
1927 1973 19852008
2015
1963198019521901
1936
http://climate.missouri.edu/
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U.S. Drought Portal
www.drought.gov
DROUGHT
2012
2018
DROUGHT YEAR 2012
MO Cost share
program to drill or
deepen wells got
11,000 applications
in two weeks.
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Water is not priced to reflect its value
Average pool is ~20,000 Gallons
Pool full of topsoil (bags) cu ft $2.64 = $7,057
Pool full of gasoline at $2.50 per gallon = $50,000
Pool full of milk at $4 per gallon = $80,000
Pool full of perfume at 1 oz/$29 = $3,712 per gallon = $74,240,000
Pool full of water – City Utilities $140 (as of 8/29/18) = .007 cents per gallon
U.S. Supply - Price
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12 Gallons–CU/Springfield = .08 cents 12 Gallons of Ozarka Water Sam’s Club = $12.54
“Ozarka Drinking Water is a refreshing alternative to tap water.”
“What’s the difference between tap water and spring water?
Spring water comes from a naturally occurring spring source (like one of the three
Texas springs we use for our Ozarka® Brand 100% Natural Spring Water). Tap
water usually comes from a municipal source that flows directly to your faucet.”
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12 Gallons of
Fiji Water =
$120
FIJI Natural Artesian Water, 11.15 Fl Oz, 6 Ct
Average rating:5out of5stars, based on10reviews10
reviews
FIJI Water
Walmart # 558149629$5.49
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Jefferson City Water Treatment Plant - 2018
.0045 cents per gallon – less than half of
one cent a gallon.
That means you can buy 2,222 Gallons of
Jefferson City municipal water, or one
gallon of Fiji Water.
Might be worth investing in a cup!
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U.S. Supply – Price 2017
Map shows average
monthly cost for a
family of four using
12,000 gallons water a
month (the EPA’s
estimate for average
household use).
Water rates have
increased on average
by 54 percent across
the US 2010-2017.
2017 increase 4 percent
Federal funding for water infrastructure now hovers at just 9 percent, when it once accounted
for more than 60 percent in the late 1970s.
The price tag for overhauling America’s drinking water system will be at least $1 trillion over
the next 25 years. Add to that the estimated $14 billion to $26 billion needed to adapt water
systems to climate change by 2050 and you can see that there is a serious water affordability
crisis looming. http://www.circleofblue.org
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Memphis
$36.12
Santa Fe
$284.10
Price of Water 2014: Up 6 Percent in 30 Major U.S. Cities; 33 Percent Rise Since 2010
EPA measure of affordability: average water and sewer bill not to exceed
4.5% of median household income in a utility’s service area
U.S. Supply – Price 2015 Combined Water, Sewer, Stormwater
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We’ve got it good living on top of the Ozark Plateau Aquifer.
Steve Harper, Executive Director, Colorado Rural Water Association.
Met at CoBank conference in Colorado, Summer, 2018
“Wells are hit or miss in Colorado”, he said. Recently they drilled a well
3400 feet deep, it cost $2 Million, and they withdrew only 30 gpm.
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Missouri is a water rich state, and we function under Riparian Law – the wild west of
water law. As other areas of the country become dryer, our water resources will
become more valuable and sought after.
Water = jobs. Water = commerce. Water will be an economic magnet, much like
inexpensive electricity or available broadband.
Affordable, quality water will be a big economic advantage and opportunity. How
should we be investing in wise water planning today, to maximize that opportunity
and to mitigate potential problems – for us, and for the next generation?
The Water Marketplace Under Riparian Law
Issues Ahead
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No major rivers for supply.
Population growth.
Aquifer drawdowns – projected gaps in supply.
Drought - which is overdue.
Water is cheaper than dirt.
Riparian Law leaves us vulnerable.
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Our Mission
To ensure adequate,
affordable, long-term
water supplies for
southwest Missouri
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Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Water Resources Center
Missouri Water Supply - State Level Planning Through Regional Water Supply Coalitions
Atchison County Wholesale Water
Great Northwest WholesaleWater
Cameron Pipeline
LittleOtter Creek
N Central MO
E. Locust Creek Reservoir
Clarence Cannon
Wholesale Water
Tri-State Water Coalition
~800,000 people
~13% of Missouri taxpayers
Howard
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Building Additional Regional Water Infrastructure
The Southwest Missouri Joint Municipal Water Utility Commission
Tri State WaterResource Coalition
Tri State Board of Directors
Tri State /JMUC Executive Director
Staff
SW MO Regional Water Commission(April, 2012)
JMUC Board—Will Consist of one director
from each JMUC member
Tri State/JMUC Executive Director
Project A
Project B
Project C
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Members:
Carthage Water & Electric* Christian County City of Branson*
City of Republic City of Joplin* City of Lamar*
City of Monett* City of Mt. Vernon* City of Nixa*
City of Springfield CU of Springfield* Empire District Electric
Greene County Jasper County MO American Water Co
Stone County City of Pierce City
Ozark and Willard are considering becoming members.
Total population for our 16 county footprint is 815,300** = 13.6% of Missouri’s population.
*
**US Census, 2010
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Grand Lake Table Rock Lake
Truman Lake
Stockton Lake
Joplin
Missouri
Arkansas
Kansas
Oklahoma
Pomme de Terre Lake
Beaver
Truman Lake
Bull Shoals Lake
Potential regional water supply
sources originally considered for
additional surface water supply
for southwest Missouri.
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Potential reservoir sites have been defined,
however the decision was made to make
already impounded water in Stockton and
Table Rock Lakes the priority option.
Southwest Missouri Water Supply
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Example of Storage Taken from Multi-Purpose Pool
Surface Elevation Does Not Change / Storage Allocated Differently
892
892
With water supply storage
Different apportion-
ment of storage space
within the lake
Without water supply storage
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Source: City Utilities of Springfield
Red - City Utilities water withdrawals since reallocation, in feet.
Blue – Variation of lake level since filled, in feet.
Southwest Missouri Water Supply – Stockton Lake Surface Variation
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A reallocation study is a complex multi-step, multi-year process which includes,
among other tasks, determining:
• The needs and impacts of all users of the facility
• Whether alternative supplies exist
• Whether structural or operational modifications are needed
• The cost of storage to the sponsor
• If the conservation pool can be raised, and
• If Congressional approval is required
The number of reallocation agreements rose steadily from the 1960's through the 1990's. Despite continued demand, the
number of reallocation agreements dropped to 35 in the 2000's, with only another 13 being approved between 2010 and
2015.
The main issue preventing approval of more reallocation storage contracts is, according to the Corps of Engineers, a lack
of funding. With budget cutbacks in recent years, the Corps has received less funding to conduct reallocation studies.
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The Reallocation Marathon (this aint no sprint).
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Southwest Missouri Long-Term Water Supply Investments to Date
as of 8/1/18
Tri-State Water Resource Coalition
(2006, 2009, 2010, 2018 studies)
$352,600
Missouri American Water Company
(2003 study)
$150,000
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Little Rock District
(2006, PAS studies)
$475,000
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Kansas City District
(PAS, initial assessment & reallocation studies)
$1,786,000
Missouri Department of Natural Resources
(2009, PAS, 2018 studies)
$640,000
TOTAL INVESTMENT as of 8/1/18 $3,403,600
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Technical Studies Completed & Underwaywww.tristatewater.org
•Joplin Hydro Study (Wittman Hydro Planning Assoc.)
•Water Supply Study (Black & Veatch)
•Reservoir Site Screening (Freese & Nichols)
•Supplemental Reservoir Study (Freese & Nichols)
•Report Summary (TSWRC)
•S.W. Missouri Water Resource Study – Phase I (CDM)
•S.W. Missouri Water Resource Study – Phase II (CDM)
•S.W. Missouri Water Resource Study – Phase III (CDM)
Under way
•Stockton Lake Reallocation Study (USACE / FY18 Year 4)
•Pomme de Terre Reallocation Study (USACE / FY17 Start)
•Table Rock Lake Reallocation Study (USACE / FY17 Start)
•Rate Study, Economic Impact Analysis (USACE,DNR/ FY18 Start)
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Estimated S.W. Missouri Baseline and Projected Average Water Demands to 2060 (GPD)*
YEAR HIGH GROWTH MEDIUM GROWTH LOW GROWTH
2010** 338,503,791 338,326,175 338,326,175
2030 414,026,845 382,615,101 358,502,024
2060 581,735,120 462,337,386 387,226,057
% INCREASE 71.9% 36.7% 14.5%
Southwest Missouri Water Resource Study – Phase I (2012): Forecast of Regional Water Demands 2010 – 2060 (CDM)
–September 2012 (Revised November 2012)
Demand
Medium growth scenario, baseline demand for study area,
projects an increase of 125 million gallons per day by 2060.
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Southwest Missouri Water Resource Study – Phase II: Forecast of Regional
Water Supply and Gap Analysis (2014)
Evaluated water supply sources followed by a gap analysis.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Jan
Feb
Mar
Ap
r
May Jun
Jul
Au
g
Sep
Oct
No
v
Dec
MGD
2060
Surface WaterDemand
Groundwater Demand
Total Water Supply
16 County total Supply Gap
Medium Growth / Drought
Phase II Water Supply
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What about Conservation? – A piece in the puzzle, not a total solution
Two scenarios for regional publically supplied municipal and industrial water demands.
• Metering (residential and commercial)
• Leak detection programs
• Educational programs on water savings
• Residential and commercial water audits
Scenario I (moderate)
• Water demands are estimated to decrease by 1-3% annually
Scenario II (substantial)
• Water demands are expected to be reduced by 4-7% annually
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Reducing Demand with ConservationGap analysis: supply versus demand
Phase I Water Demand Study
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Reallocation Request Marathon2007 – 2018…
Additional elements
• Assessment of existing treatment capacities in the region.
• Possible transmission corridors defined.
• Water treatment and transmission systems were preliminarily sized and planning level costs identified.
• Environmental assessment and environmental impact review.
• Alternative sources of water evaluated.
• Impacts to current users of Stockton Lake evaluated.
• Raw vs treated water considered.
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Don’t panic.Do plan.
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What About Water from Table Rock?
• The reallocation request by Tri-State Water for water storage out of Table Rock Lake was funded, then paused.
• The Little Rock District Corps of Engineers intends to complete a larger study of the entire five-lake system on the White River, of which TRL is a part, before proceeding further with our reallocation request.
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What About Water from Pomme de Terre?
• Pomme de Terre is currently being considered as part of a reallocation study. Water from Pomme de Terre could potentially supplement water from Stockton Lake, though that option would be much more expensive, and therefore is less desirable.
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Overall Process / Task Schedule
Timeline for Reallocation Studies: Stockton, Pomme de Terre, Table Rock LakesAs of November, 2017
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Next Steps:Rate Study Economic Impact Analysis Staging & Timing of Demand Study
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Communication!
Springfield
Joplin
Branson
Mt Vernon
MonettCarthage
Nixa
Republic
Lamar
Stockton
Laying the groundwork to communicate regionally about water supply.
• Citizen Water Survey, 2018
• Define key messages
• Define key communicators
• Create hard-copy materials
• Develop social media
We
Value
Water!
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• 3,287 surveys
• 104 communities
• Overall findings have a margin of error of +/- 1.7% at the 95% confidence interval.
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A relatively large
percentage of respondents
(46%) did not know the
source of their home tap
water. This was particularly
true for younger
respondents (65%) and
newer residents (62%).
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Nearly 70% of
respondents residing in
Southwest Missouri said
their monthly water bill
was inexpensive
compared to other
monthly essentials and
68% rated the value of
their home water (price
paid for amount
consumed) as either
excellent or good.
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54%Respondents least
able/willing to pay
anything extra per month
were lower income (less
than $25,000 per year)
and less formally
educated (high school or
less).
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2014 Survey City of Springfield/Greene County Community Survey (environmental issues)
Items Most Important to Respondent Households: Based on the sum of respondents’ topthree choices, 95% indicated that drink water protection was the most important to theirhousehold. Other most important items include: Clean air (90%), fishable water (58%),and swimmable water (42%).
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Water Providers
• CU/Springfield
• Nixa
• Republic
• Branson
• Mt. Vernon
• Monett
• Carthage
• Mo Am/Joplin
• Lamar
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Joplin – Metro ~175,000 people
Missouri American Water
Shoal Creek, 80 – 90%
Groundwater wells
Carl Junction – ~8000 people
100% Groundwater wells
Webb City – ~11,000 people
Mo Am water and groundwater
wells.
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Springfield ~170,000
Springfield/Branson ~540,000
Divide between two basins
City Utilities Water Sources–
• Fullbright Spring
• James River
• McDaniel Lake
• Fellows Lake
• Stockton Lake
• 2 groundwater wells
• Valley Water Mill Reservoir
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Fellows Lake is an 860-acre source of water for the city of Springfield, Missouri. The lake was created by the impoundment of the Little Sac River behind the Fellows Lake Dam. The dam was originally constructed in 1955 and modified in 1991.
Stockton Lake
*Wikipedia
McDaniel Lake is a 300-acre source of water for the city of Springfield, Missouri. It is currently owned and operated by City Utilities of Springfield as one of their public water supply sources. McDaniel Lake was created by impounding the Little Sac River in 1929, making it one of the oldest man-made dams in the area.
Water Supply – CU
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Willard – ~5,500 people100% Groundwater wells.
Republic – ~16,000 people100% Groundwater wells.
Battlefield – ~6,000PWSD #1, Groundwater wells.
Nixa – ~21,000100% Groundwater wells (9).
Ozark – ~20,000100% Groundwater wells (19).
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Branson – ~11,500 w 9 million visitors a year = 750,000 a month
5 to 7% Groundwater wells.
93-95% Surface water from Taneycomo.
All other Table Rock Area communities are 100% groundwater.
College of the Ozarks is the only exception. They have a small water plant that also pulls from Taneycomo.
BRANSON
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Carthage – ~14,000 people
100% Groundwater wells (13).
Monett – ~9,000 people
100% Groundwater wells (12).
3 groundwater wells produce from
90% to 70% of the water, depending
on the time of year.
Mt. Vernon – ~5,000 people
100% Groundwater wells (7).
The former rehabilitation center has a
separate system containing 3 wells.
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Stockton - ~2,000
100% Groundwater wells.
Three marinas. Hydropower is
generated at Stockton Lake.
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Lamar – ~4,000 people
Lamar Lake
Groundwater well is used to pump
water into Lamar Lake when the lake
gets low.
Other Rural Areas –
100% groundwater wells
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$$$
President Trump, 2018 State of the Union
speech, “…give us the safe, fast, reliable
and modern infrastructure our economy
needs and our people deserve.”
“A report by McKinsey & Company says that
a comprehensive fix would cost $1.8 trillion,
while the American Society of Civil
Engineers put the price tag at $2 trillion.
“All but $200 billion is supposed to come
from private investors.”
Funding Issues Ahead
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/31/opinion/sotu-trump-infrastructure.html
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Missouri is a water rich state, and we function under Riparian Law – the wild west of
water law. As other areas of the country become dryer, our water resources will
become more valuable and sought after.
Water = jobs. Water = commerce. Water will be an economic magnet, much like
inexpensive electricity or available broadband.
Affordable, quality water will be a big economic advantage and opportunity. How
should we be investing in wise water planning today, to maximize that opportunity
and to mitigate potential problems?
The Water Marketplace Under Riparian Law
Marketplace Issues Ahead
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Two Big Hairy Audacious Goals
1. Secure additional water source(s)
for southwest Missouri.
2. Build infrastructure to deliver that
additional water supply to regional
communities
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If Byzantium could do it, so can we!
Byzantium/Constantinople
Emperor Valens
400 mile aqueduct in the 300’s- Spfd to Dallas
We have been solving the problem of getting access to water
resources since civilization began.
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Securing Water for Our Future