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Sedimentary Rocks
Find and take out 11B-15B
and #1 From Egg Carton
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Erosion
• Erosion is a natural process where rocks
and soil are Broken and Moved
• We will focus on 4 types of erosion;
Wind, Rain, Ice and Water
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Wind Erosion• Usually in dry
environments
• Wind moves dust, sand, and sometimes larger rocks across other rocks wearing them down
• The wind often carries these small rock particles to another location
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Types of Water Erosion
• Rain
• Frost Wedging
• Glaciers
• Flowing water
• Costal wave
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Rain
•Rain erosion is a result of
raindrops hitting soil or rock
•The rain can move
particles to a new location
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Frost Wedging
•Caused by the Expansion
of water as it goes from
liquid to solid (Water to Ice)
•Ice gains 9% Volume when
it freezes from water
•This force can crack and
crumble rocks
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Glaciers•Glaciers are huge sheets
of ice that stay frozen all
year
•The glaciers slowly move
and “flow”
•This force Pushes and
drops rocks as it moves,
and can Scrape bedrock
behind it
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Flowing Water
•Water flowing
downhill moves sediment
and grinds away rocks
•It can grind away rock and
make canyons
•It can sort material by size
and deposit it in new places
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Costal-Wave•Wave action can cut
and form rock cliffs
•It deposits material on
the beach, and the
seafloor
•It can sort material by
size
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Sedimentary Rock Formation
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Rock Properties
• Grain size
• Grain sorting
• Cementation
• Fissile
• Clastic
• Bioclastic
• Biochemical
• Chemical
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Clastic Bioclastic Biochemical Chemical
Clastic rocks are
made of Rock or
Mineral particles
Cemented together
Bioclastic rocks are
made of Organic and
inorganic particles
Cemented together
Chemical rocks are
made of Crystals
deposited from a
solution
Biochemical rocks
are made of Organic
and inorganic
particles Crystallized
together
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Grains
The relative and actual
size of the grains tell
us about the conditions
under which the rock
was formed
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Cementation
Most cements in
sedimentary rock
are calcite,
quartz or feldspar
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Fissile - Somewhat Fissile - Not Fissile
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Sedimentary Rocks
• Sandstone (14B)
• Limestone-Shell (13B)
• Shale (15B)
• Conglomerate (12B)
• Bituminous Coal (11B)
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Sandstone 14B• Made of cemented
uniform sand grains
• Sand can be made up of almost any material
• Most sandstone is made of Quartz
• It sometimes breaks in flat pieces
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Sandstone 14B• Sandstone can
form in a wet or dry environment
• Sandstone can be used for building and abrasives
• Sandstone can contain fossils
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Limestone-fossil 13B• Limestone Fossil is
often made of cemented shells of Ocean Life
• Can be made of large or tiny shells
• It will react with acid, because it contains Carbonates
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Limestone-Fossil 13B
• It is used to make blocks for buildings
• It can be carved and made into countertops
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Shale 15B• Shale is made of well
sorted fine grained clay sediment
• It always breaks into flat pieces
• It forms in medium to deep ocean environments
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Shale 15B
• Some shale contains oil or natural gas
• It can be used to make bricks and cement
• It sometimes contains fossils
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Conglomerate 12B
•True conglomerates form from various rock and mineral particles
•They are made of a variety of grain sizes ranging from pebbles to silt
•The grains are mostly rounded in shape and cemented together
•The rock and mineral types are usually very weather resistant
•They can form from river, beach, or glacial deposits
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Breccia Conglomerate
•Breccia is like
conglomerate except
the breccia grains are
very angular
•There is a variety of
grain sizes
•The rock and mineral
types are sometimes
not very weather
resistant
•They can form from
landslide deposits
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Puddingstone (Metaconglomerate)
•Puddingstones start out like a regular conglomerate,
usually made of silica sand and jasper pieces
•The conglomerate is exposed to metamorphic heat and pressure and
becomes more like marble with pebbles
•The puddingstones we find in Michigan are usually rounded, because
they were carried south and worn down by a glacier
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Coal 11B and 1
•Coal is made of
decaying Organic matter
•Young forms can break
into flat layers
•Coal is a valuable
natural resource
•We burn coal for fuel
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Graphite
11B
1
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Coal Mining and Power Plants
•Coal is mined above ground and underground
•The burning of coal powers steam driven power plants
•Coal products are also used to smelt metals