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Chapter 6.3
Sedimentary Rocks
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Output: Sedimentary Rock
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1. Add water, so that the flask is filled to 400 ml.
2. Shake the flask quickly back and forth, and then turn them while the water is still churning, so that the cork end is down.
3. Stop shaking.
4. Observe the sand, and answer the following questions.
Where are the larger particles and why? Are there just large pieces at the bottom? As you look higher in the flask, what is happening to the size of the sand
grains? Did all of the particles settle out right away? When a river enters the ocean, the water slows down suddenly just like
when you stop shaking the flask. Which particles would you expect to drop closest to the mouth of the river?
If you were to sample the sand near a rivers mouth and then take another sample farther out to sea, what would you expect to find?
What would settle out even farther than the sand?
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Output cont’d
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Draw a diagram that shows where shells/limestone, gravel/
conglomerate, silt/shale, sand/sandstone would end up.
Ex.
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Sedimentary rocks are formed from the broken down pieces
of other rocks, minerals, and organic material
Characteristics are determined by sediment source, the way
it was moved, and how it was deposited
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Formation
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COMPACTION is when sediments are squeezed together
CEMETATION is when sediments get glued together by
minerals left by water
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Three classes of Sedimentary Rock
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1. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
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CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS forms from minerals
once dissolved in water
If water evaporates it leaves behind minerals and forms rocks
(called evaporites)
Ex. Halite and Gypsum (rock salt)
9Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah
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2. Organic Sedimentary Rocks
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ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS are ones formed by
remains of once living things
Ex. Coal, limestone, chalk
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3. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
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CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS are formed when
sediments are deposited by wind, water or ice
You get different types because of the size and shape of
sediments
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Conglomerate is with rounded sediment
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Breccia is if the sediments are angular
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Sandstone is when the sediments are sand sized
Usually made of Quartz
Has small pores so water, natural gas and oil move through
them
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Shale is when the grains are clay sized and form sheets
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Characteristics
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Sorting
The sorting of the sediments is a result of how fast the
sediment was moving
You can have poorly sorted all the way to very well sorted
sediments
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Angularity
The farther the sediment moves from where it broke apart
means it will tend to be rounder and smoother
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Sedimentary Rock Features
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The setting where the rock is formed is called the
depositional environment
Each environment has different characteristics
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Stratification
Stratification is the layering of rocks
Tells a story of what the area was like as it was deposited, like
lake or river
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Cross-beds and grading beds
You can get unique shapes like cross-beds where layers cross
over each other
You can also get graded bedding where small sediments sit on
larger sediment
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Ripple Marks
Ripple marks in rocks are left by wind or water
It means the rock was formed in a river or beach
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Mud Cracks
Happens when mud dries and shrinks
Usually in flood plains
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Fossils and Concretions
Fossils can be left behind and get buried by sediments
Concretions are when you find a different material in a rock,
like a geode
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