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Seismic Design of Bridge Abutments
Thursday, September 28, 2017 2:00-4:00PM ET
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
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The Transportation Research Board has met the standards and requirements of
the Registered Continuing Education Providers Program. Credit earned on
completion of this program will be reported to RCEP. A certificate of completion
will be issued to participants that have registered and attended the entire session.
As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an
approval or endorsement by RCEP.
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Purpose Discuss the latest research about theories on computing the ultimate passive force for abutment deflection. Learning Objectives
At the end of this webinar, you will be able to: • Understand the differences between available methods for computing
ultimate passive force and correctly compute ultimate passive force for four different materials, including: dense backfills, loose backfills, flowable fills/cellular concrete, and geofoam inclusions
• Compute and adjust passive force for several characteristics, including: skew angle of the abutment, and cyclic loading
• Understand how to select soil parameters for lateral pile analysis of abutment piles
• Use p-multipliers to reduce lateral pile resistance due to group interaction and piles near MSE walls
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Seismic Design of Bridge Abutments
Kyle Rollins Civil & Environmental Engineering Brigham Young University
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Ralph Rollins, performed geotechnical investigations for over 5000 structures
I took Soil Mechanics class from my Father
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Rachel Rollins was Civil Engineering student
Rachel took Soil Mechanics class from her Father
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Granddaughter, Ella, shows early interest in soil behavior…
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Seismic Design of Bridge Abutments
Kyle Rollins Civil & Environmental Engineering Brigham Young University
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Lateral Resistance of Bridge Abutments
Passive force-displacement against abutment
Lateral resistance of piles near MSE wall faces
L
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Passive Force on Bridge Abutments
Passive force contributes to resistance Using smaller passive force (lower Kp) may be conservative
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Passive Force on Bridge Abutments
Passive force contributes to load Using smaller passive force (lower Kp) is
unconservative
Liquefaction
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caption Buckled Railroad Bridge Caused by Lateral Spread During the 1964 Alaska Earthquake
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Summary of Passive Force Methods Rankine Coloumb Log Spiral Caltrans
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Rankine Method
Advantages • Simplicity • Conservative
Limitations • Planar Shear Surface • Neglects wall friction (δ)
Planar Shear Surface
Pult
Pult= 0.5 γH2 Kp
Only 30% to 50% of correct value
45-ϕ/2
Kp = tan2(45+ϕ/2)
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Coulomb Method
Advantages • Accounts for wall
friction (δ) • Complex Geometries
Limitations • Planar Shear Surface • Yields Very High Pult
for δ > 0.4φ
Planar Shear Surface
Pult δ
Pult= 0.5 γH2 Kp
Over 100% higher than correct value
Kp =
cos2ϕ
cosδ 1- sin(ϕ+δ)sin ϕ 2 cosδ
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Nature is often non-linear!
Nature likes log spirals!
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Log Spiral Method
Advantages • Accounts for wall
friction and shear shape
Limitations • More Complicated • Graphical or
numerical solution
Rankine zone Pult
δ Pult = 0.5 γH2 Kp
Prandl zone
Log spiral Surface
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Log Spiral Passive Force
ϕ = Soil friction angle δ = wall friction angle β=backfill slope angle H= height of back wall Kp=passive pressure coefficient Kp can come from chart, Excel spreadsheet PYCAP
Pp = 0.5γH2 Kp
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Wall Friction Angle, δ
Noted in AASHTO LRFD (2010)
Duncan and Mokwa (2001)
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Caltrans Method
Advantages • Easy to apply
Limitations • Assumes uniform
pressure distribution • Neglects variable soil
strength parameters
)(5.5
5 kipshksfAP eult ××=5.5 ft
5 ksf
Based on field test with silty clay
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Bi-Linear Passive Force-Deflection Curve (Caltrans, 2010)
Pult and kabut based on load tests at BYU, UC-Davis and UCLA
Ultimate resistance, Pult = (5.0 ksf)(H/5.5 ft)Awall
Initial resistance, kabut = (50 kip/in)*(H/5.5 ft)*w
Forc
e
Pult kabut
Deflection
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AASHTO Design Method
19
• Bi-linear relationship • Failure occurs at 0.01-0.05H
• Peak passive force obtained using log spiral method Pa
ssiv
e Fo
rce
0.01H-0.05H
PP
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Hyperbolic Load-Deflection Curve (Duncan and Mokwa, 2001 Shamsabadi et al 2006)
Pult based on log-spiral method
P-y curve based on: • Soil Type • Soil density/stiffness • Cap geometry
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“One good test is worth a thousand expert opinions.” Werner Von Braun
Designer of Saturn V Moon Rocket
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Healthy Skepticism about Tests A theory is something nobody believes,
except the person who proposed it. An experiment (test) is something
everybody believes,
--Albert Einstein
performed it except the person who
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3.67 Ft
Pile Caps/Abutments
12 -Steel Pipe Piles (12.75” OD)
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Field Test Methodology 0 2 4 6 8
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
Pile Cap Deflection [cm]
Long
itudi
nal F
orce
[kN
]
Long
itudi
nal F
orce
[kip
s]
Pile Cap Deflection [in]
Total Load
Baseline Resistance
Lateral Backfill Resistance
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Development of Passive Resistance
0 10 20 30 40 50 60Horizontal deflection at load point (mm)
0
500
1000
1500
Pas
sive
for
ce (
kN)
Clean Sand
0 10 20 30 40 50 60Horizontal deflection at load point (mm)
0
500
1000
1500
Pas
sive
for
ce (
kN)
Fine Gravel
0 10 20 30 40 50 60Horizontal deflection at load point (mm)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Pas
sive
for
ce (
kN)
Coarse Gravel
0 10 20 30 40 50 60Horizontal deflection at load point (mm)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Pas
sive
for
ce (
kN)
Silty Sand
Clean Sand
Coarse Gravel
Fine Gravel
Silty Sand
∆/Hmax = 0.034 ∆/Hmax = 0.030
∆/Hmax = 0.035
∆/Hmax = 0.052 “Backbone” Curve
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Failure Surface Geometry
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Failure Surface Geometry
0 1 2 3 4 5 6-0.30
0.20
0.70
1.20
1.70
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.00 5 10 15 20
Distance from Cap Face on Line Parallel to Direction of Push [m]
Elev
atio
n B
elow
Top
of C
ap [m
]
Elev
atio
n B
elow
Top
of C
ap [f
t]
Distance from Cap Face on Line Parallel to Direction of Push [ft]
Upper Shear Plane
Lower Shear Plane
Heave
α
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Comparison of Failure Geometries Rankine Failure Geometry
Log-Spiral Failure Geometry
Ep
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Surface of Sliding Comparisons
Silty Sand Fine Gravel Clean Sand Coarse Gravel0
1
2
3
4
5D
ista
nce
in fr
ont o
f pile
cap
(m
)Log spiral theoryEstimated from field data
φ = 27°δ = 20°
c = 27.3 kPa
φ = 34°δ = 26°
c = 3.8 kPa
φ = 39°δ = 30°
c = 0 kPa
φ = 40°δ = 30°
c = 7.2 kPa
1
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Measured and Predicted Peak Passive Force
Clean Sand Fine Gravel Coarse Gravel Silty SandMeasured 1090 774 1997 1428Caltrans 914 914 914 914
1577 1149 3464 1575(1577) (824) (2224) (351)
Log spiral numerical solution
922 817 1688 1210
357 405 719 804(357) (300) (474) (194)
Rankine
Numbers in (parenthesis) neglect cohesion component
MethodTotal passive force (kN)
Coulomb
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Log Spiral Passive Force-Example
Sandy Gravel γ=135 pcf ϕ = 40º δ = 0.70ϕ = 0.7(40º)=28º H= 6 ft
Pp = 0.5γH2 Kp
Pp = 0.5(135)(6)2 (13.3)=32.3 k/ft PpH = Pp cosδ =32.3 cos(28º)
PpH = 28.5 k/ft
Kp = 13.3
13.3
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3D Geometry Effects
Plan View
Shear Zone
Shear zones extend beyond the edge of pile cap/abutment
Increases the effective width of the abutment
B Be
Pile Cap
Load
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Equations for 3D Shear Effect Pp = Ep B R3D (Duncan and Mokwa, 2001) where Ep is passive force/width, B is width
Ro = Kp – Ka
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Equations for 3D Shear Effect Pp = Ep B R3D (Duncan and Mokwa, 2001) where Ep is passive force/width, B is width
Ro = Kp – Ka
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Influence of Relative Compaction
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3Deflection (inches)
Pass
ive
Forc
e (k
ips)
Dense Silty Sand(98%)Loose Silty Sand(88%) Dr = 90%
Dr = 40-50%
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Failure Planes & Heave Profiles
CLEAN SAND Densely Compacted Loosely Compacted
Shape of failure surfaces appear to reflect mobilization of wall
friction Densely compacted backfill has log-spiral failure surface Loosely compacted backfill has planar (i.e., Rankine) failure
surface
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Distance (ft)
Dis
tanc
e (f
t)
Log Spiral
Wall
Ground Surface
Median Heave Profile
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Distance (ft)
Dis
tanc
e (f
t)
Log Spiral
Wall
Ground SurfaceMedian Heave Profile
Vertical Displacements magnified by 10 Vertical Displacements magnified by 10
Dr = 90% Dr = 40-50%
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Summary Passive Pressure for non-skewed abutments (Maroney (1995),
Duncan and Mokwa (2001), Rollins and Sparks (2002), Rollins and Cole (2006), Lemnitzer et al (2009) Passive force best estimated using log-spiral method Peak passive force mobilized at displacement of 0.03H to 0.05H Hyperbolic curve best represents passive force-displacement curve
PP
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Skewed Bridge Abutment Overview ≈ 40% of 600,000 bridges in US are skewed Current design codes do not consider any
effect of skew on passive force Observations of poor performance of skewed
bridges
Shamsabadi et al. 2006
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Earthquake Damage to Skewed Bridges (Paine, Chile)
Top Bridge
Bottom Bridge
Top Bridge
Bridge decks have rotated and bridge was demolished
Bottom Bridge
Bridge deck was offset and was eventually demolished
Top Bridge
Bridge remained in service after the earthquake
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Damage rate for skewed bridges was twice that of non-skewed bridges (Toro et al 2013)
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Interaction of Forces on Bridge Abutment
Deck Length, L
Skew Angle, θ
PL
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Numerical Analysis of Skewed Abutments
(5th NSC, Shamsabadi et al., 2006)
23 m (75 ft) wide abutment with 2.4 m (8 ft) high backwall
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Results of Numerical Analysis
(5th NSC, Shamsabadi et al., 2006)
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Testing Program Variations in Wingwall Geometry
Variations in Backfill Materials • Sand • Gravel • Geosynthetically Reinforced Soil (GRS)
Transverse Wingwalls Parallel Wingwalls MSE Wingwalls
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Initial Laboratory Testing
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Test Layout
No Skew
Plan view:
Elevation view:
1.22 m (4 ft)
0.6 m (2 ft)
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Test Procedure
Plan view:
Elevation view:
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Test “Abutment”
15°
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Test “Abutment”
30°
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Test “Abutment”
45°
Displacement: 60 mm 2.5” (0.10H) Load measurements: • Longitudinal • Vertical • Transverse
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Backfill Soil Properties Gradation and Strength
Property Value Classification SP or A-1-b
Cu 3.7
Cc 0.7
Rc 98%
γ 17.8 kN/m3
ϕ 46º δ 33.2º
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Passive Force-Displacement Curves
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Reduction Factor for Skew Effects
Rskew= PP(skew)/Pp (No-skew) where Rskew is a function of skew angle, and wall width is equal to non-skewed (projected) width.
Rskew= 8x10-5θ – 0.018 θ + 1.0
(ASCE, J. of Bridge Engrg., Rollins and Jessee 2013)
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Normalized Passive Force vs Skew, θ
(ASCE, J. of Bridge Engrg., Rollins and Jessee 2013)
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Large Scale Field Testing
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Field Test Setup - Plan View
12.75 in Dia. Steel Pipe Piles
11 ft wide x 5.5 ft high Pile Cap
24 ft
22 ft
Transverse Wingwalls 2 x 4 ft Reinforced Concrete blocks
4 ft Dia. Bored Pile Sheet Pile Wall Section AZ-18
2 – 2500 kN Actuators
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Field Test Setup Elevation View
11 ft wide x 5.5 ft high x 15 ft long Pile Cap
1.8m 6.4m
4 ft Dia. Bored Pile Sheet Pile Wall Section AZ-18
2 – 600 kip Actuators 12.75 in Dia. Steel Pipe Piles
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Sand backfill properties Poorly graded sand (SP/A-1-b) 96% relative compaction ϕ = 41° c = 5 kPa (100 lbs/ft2) γmax = 17.5 kN/m3 (111.5 lbs/ft3)
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No Skew - 0° Test Setup
Hydraulic Actuators Simulated
Abutment Concrete Wingwall
Sand Backfill
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15° Skew Test Setup
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30° Skew Test Setup
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45° Skew Test Setup
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Test completed at 3.21 in (81.6 mm) of displacement
Test completed at 3.43 in (87.2 mm) of displacement
Heave Geometry at Test Completion 0º Skew 45º Skew
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Surface Failure Geometry (30° Skew)
64
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Passive Force vs. Displacement 0 2 4 6 8 10
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Pile Cap Deflection [cm]
Pass
ive
Forc
e [k
N]
Pass
ive
Forc
e [k
ips]
Pile Cap Deflection [in]
0° Skew15° Skew30° Skew45° Skew
0.02
H
0.03
H
0.04
H
0.05
H
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Passive Force Reduction Factor vs. Skew
Rskew = 8x10-05θ2 - 0.018θ + 1 R² = 0.98
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Red
uctio
n Fa
ctor
, Rsk
ew
Skew Angle, θ [degrees]
Lab TestsNumerical AnalysisField Tests (This Study)Proposed Reduction Line
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Shear force vs. transverse displacement
020406080
100120140160180200
-0.3 -0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0
Appl
ied
Shea
r For
ce [k
ip]
Transverse Displacement [in]
30° skew15° skew
45º skew
6.25 5.0 2.5 1.25 3.75 7.5 Transverse Displacement [mm]
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Abutment with MSE Wingwalls
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Test Setup for MSE Wingwall Tests
15° Skew 30°
Skew
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Welded Wire Grid Reinforcement (SSL)
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No Skew - 0° Test Setup 12 ft x 5 ft wall panels
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15º Skew Test with MSE Wingwalls
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Field Test with 30º Skew & MSE Walls
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.00.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
MSE
Win
gwal
l D
ispl
acem
ent (
in)
Distance From Pile Cap (ft)
0.24 0.831.72 2.733.18
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.00.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
MSE
Win
gwal
l D
ispl
acem
ent (
in)
Distance From Pile Cap (ft)
0.24 0.831.72 2.733.18
0º S
kew
3.35 m
1 to 1.2 in. Displacement
1 to 1.2 in. Displacement
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45º S
kew
0.25 in. Displacement
1.5-1.8 in. Displacement
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Passive Force-Displacement curves
0.01
H
0.02
H
0.03
H
0.04
H
0.05
H
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Pile Cap Displacement, Δ [cm]
Pass
ive
Forc
e [k
N]
Pass
ive
Forc
e [k
ips]
Backwall Displacement, Δ [in]
0 Degree Skew30 Degree Skew15 Degree Skew45 Degree Skew
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Passive Force Reduction Factor vs. Skew
Rskew = 8x10-05θ2 - 0.018θ + 1 R² = 0.98
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Red
uctio
n Fa
ctor
, Rsk
ew
Skew Angle, θ [degrees]
Lab Tests
Numerical Analysis
Field Tests (This Study)
Proposed Reduction Line
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Geometry Effects? Field and Lab tests involved W/H ratios of 2.0
Does this ratio impact the results?
Laboratory Wall
2 ft
4 ft
Field Wall
5.5 ft
11 ft
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Field Test with 0.9m Backfill - W/H=3.7
11 ft x 5.5 ft high x 15 ft long Pile Cap
0.9m
4 ft Dia. Reinforced Concrete Shaft
12.75 in. Dia. Steel Pipe Piles
2- 600 kip Actuators
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Passive Force-Displacement Curves
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00
Pile Cap Dispalcement [cm]
Long
itudi
nal F
orce
[kN
]
Long
itudi
nal F
orce
[kip
s]
Pile Cap Displacement [in]
0 Degree Skew15 Degree Skew30 Degree Skew45 Degree Skew
0.01
H
0.02
H
0.03
H
0.04
H
0.05
H
0.06
H
0.07
H
0.08
H
0.09
H
0.10
H
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Passive Force Reduction Factor vs. Skew
Rskew = 8x10-05θ2 - 0.018θ + 1 R² = 0.98
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Red
uctio
n Fa
ctor
, Rsk
ew
Skew Angle, θ [degrees]
Lab Tests
Numerical Analysis
Field Tests (This Study)
Proposed Reduction Line
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45º Skew with RC Wingwalls
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Overall Best Fit – Simplified Equation
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
1
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Redu
ctio
n fa
ctor
, Rsk
ew
Skew Angle, θ (Degrees)
Shamsabadi & Rollins 2014
Rskew = e(-ϴ/45°)
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Summary Relative to Skew Effects Significant decrease in passive force with increase in
skew angle. • Numerical Analysis • 8 Small Scale Lab Tests • 11 Large Scale Field tests
Simple reduction factor can account effect of skew angle on passive force
Reduction factor not much affected by wall W/H ratio Reduction factor not much affected by sand, gravel, or
GRS backfill type Passive force typically mobilized at Δ/H ≈ 3 to 5% Shear resistance largely mobilized with 0.25 inch of
movement at interface
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Example Problem Given: Abutment wall 6 ft high and 50 ft wide. Backfill soil is sandy gravel (A-1-a) compacted to 95% of
Modified Proctor density. ( γmoist = 135 pcf) Soil friction angle, φ, of 40º with no cohesion Assume soil/wall friction angle, δ, is 0.7φ = 28º Skew angle, θ, of 30º
Find: (a) Passive Force vs. Deflection Curve (b) Shear Resistance vs. Deflection Curve
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Adjustment for Width & Skew
Previously PpH = 28.5 k/ft
50 ft
θ = 30º
For 0º skew condition PpH = (28.5 k/ft) (50ft) = 1425 k
Compute skew reduction factor Rskew= e(-ϴ/45º) = e(-30º/45º) = 0.51
For 30º skew condition PpH = (1425 k)(0.51) = 727 k
PpH
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Passive Force-Displacement
50 ft
θ = 30º PpH
PpH
Displacement (in)
For a 6 ft high backwall: Peak at 0.03H = 0.03(6 ft)(12in/ft) = 2.2 in
2.2 in
727 k
= 727k
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Shear Force-Displacement
50 ft
θ = 30º For a δ=28º = 0.70φ T = cA + PpHtanδ = 0 + (727 k) tan(28º) = 387k
PpH=727k
T
Displacement (in)
Peak at 0.25 in
0.25 in
387k
T = 387k
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Bi-linear Passive Force vs. Displacement
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Pile Cap Deflection [cm]
Pass
ive
Forc
e [k
N]
Pass
ive
Forc
e [k
ips]
Pile Cap Deflection [in]
0° Skew15° Skew30° Skew45° Skew
0.02
H
0.03
H
0.04
H
0.05
H
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Hyperbolic Passive Force vs. Displacement
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Pile Cap Deflection [cm]
Pass
ive
Forc
e [k
N]
Pass
ive
Forc
e [k
ips]
Pile Cap Deflection [in]
0° Skew15° Skew30° Skew45° Skew
0.02
H
0.03
H
0.04
H
0.05
H
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Flowable Fill Abutment Tests γ = 127 lbs/ft3
UCS = 50 to 60 psi
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Flowable Fill Abutment Tests
Pp = 0.5γH2B + 2cHB, Passive force for cohesive soil c = UCS/2
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Flowable Fill Abutment Tests
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Lightweight Cellular Concrete Backfill
γ = 30 lbs/ft3
UCS = 50 to 60 psi
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Passive Force-Deflection Curves
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00
Pass
ive
Forc
e (k
ips)
Avg. Pile Cap Displacement (in)
30 Skew
0 Skew
Pp = 0.5γH2B + 2cHB, Passive force for cohesive soil
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Lateral Pile Resistance at Abutments Group interaction factors (P-multipliers) Reduction factors for presence of MSE wall face
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Pile Group Interaction
Leading Row Piles
Trailing Row Piles
Direction of Loading
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
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H
Lateral Load Analysis for Piles with p-y Curves
Non-linear springs
p
p
p
p
p
y
y
y
y Interval
y
y
y
y
y
1
2
3
4
5
y
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P-Multiplier Concept (Brown et al, 1988)
Horizontal Displacement, y
Hor
izon
tal F
orce
/Len
gth,
P Single Pile Curve
Group Pile CurvePSP
PGP = PMULT PSP
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9 Pile Group at 5.6 D Spacing
LVDT Tie-Rod Load Cell
Pinned Connection
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3x5 Pile Group at 3.3 D Spacing
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3x3 Pile Group at 5.6 Dia. Spacing
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 20 40 60 80Avg. Group Deflection (mm)
Avg
. P
ile L
oad
(kN
)
SingleRow 1Row 2Row 3
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3x5 Pile Group at 3.3D Spacing
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 20 40 60 80 100
Avg. Group Deflection (mm)
Avg
. Pile
Loa
d (k
N)
SingleRow 1Row 2Row 3Row 4Row 5
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P-Multipliers from AASHTO
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(b) Trailing Row P-Multipliers
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8Pile Spacing (c-c)/Pile Diam.
P-M
ultip
lier
Row 2-Stiff Clay Rollins et al (2003)Rows 3-5-Stiff Clay-Rollins et al (2003)Row 2-Soft Clay-This StudyRows 3-5-Soft Clay-This Study
Reese et al (1996)
AASHTO (1998)
(a) Leading Row P-Multipliers
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8Pile Spacing (c-c)/Pile Diam.
P-M
ultip
lier
Stiff Clay-Rollins et al (2003)
Soft Clay-This Study
Reese et al (1996)
AASHTO (1998)
P-Multipliers from Tests
Rollins et al., 2005
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Abutment Piles near MSE Walls
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Abutment Piles Near MSE Walls
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MSE Wall Geometry
L
H
S
Plan View Wall decreases lateral pile resistance Pile load increases force on reinforcement
Elevation View
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Approaches to the Problem
Increased Cost from Larger Pile Diameter or More Piles
Ignore Soil Resistance
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Approaches to the Problem
Increased Cost from Larger Bridge Span
Increase Spacing to Eliminate Interaction
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Approaches to the Problem
What should the reduction be?
Estimate a Reduction Factor
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Mechanically Stabilized Earth Abutment Wall
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MSE Test Wall (20 ft high & 100 ft long)
24 Tests with round, square, & H piles at 2D to 5D
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Profile View of Test Layout
L
H
D
Ultimate Design
L
H
S
Layout During Tests
Surcharge
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Plan and Elevation View of Test Abutment
Surcharge
100 ft 40 ft 40 ft
20 ft
Strip Reinforcement Welded Wire grid Reinforcement
Elevation View
Plan View
18 ft
15 ft
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Cross-Section Through MSE Wall
Surcharge - 600 psfVaries
(2 to 5 ft)
ReactionBeam Reaction
PileWall Panels(5 ft x 10 ft)
18 ft
25 ft
Native Soil
Select Granular Backfill
Random Fill
Test Pile
20 ft
UnreinforcedConcrete Level Pad(6 in. x 12 in)
2 ft
Reinforcing Elements
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Pile Testing Sequence
2D 3D 4D 5D 5D 4D 3D 2D 5D 4D 3D 2D 2D 3D 4D 5D
Wire Mat Type Reinforcement Strip Type Reinforcement
12.75” Pipe Piles 12.75” Pipe Piles HP12x74 Piles 12” Square Piles
Total of 31 Tests 15 ft Wall – L/H ≈ 0.9 20 ft Wall – L/H ≈ 0.7
Reaction Beam Reaction Beam Reaction Beam
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Nuclear Density Gauge Tests
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Typical Test Set-up
Reaction Pile Reaction Beam Pre-cast
Concrete Blocks
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Typical Test Set-up
Reaction Pile
Reaction Beam
Test Pile
Pre-cast Block Surcharge
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Load Test Photos
Hydraulic Jack Pinned
Connection
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Effect of MSE Wall on Lateral Pile Resistance
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Pipe Piles with Strip Reinforcement
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Load
(kip
)
Deflection (in)
Reaction3.9D3.1D2.7D1.7D
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Square Piles with Welded-Wire Reinforcement
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P-multiplier Concept For Proximity of the Wall H
oriz
onta
l For
ce/L
engt
h, P
Horizontal Displacement, y
Single Pile Curve
Group Pile CurvePSP
PGP = PMULT PSP
Pile Away from Wall
Pile Near Wall
nw
aw
aw
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Measured and Computed Load-Deflection
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Pile
hea
d lo
ad (k
ip)
Pile head deflection (in)
3.9Dp-multiplier = 13.1Dp-multiplier = 0.952.8Dp-multiplier = 0.71.7Dp-multiplier = 0.33
Calibrated p-y curves for pile at 3.9D spacing
P-multipliers back-calculated for closer piles
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P-multipliers from All Tests
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P-m
ultip
lier
Normalized Distance , S/D
Previous Tests (L/H=0.9 to 1.2)
SSL (L/H=0.90)
RECo (L/H=0.90)
Reco (L/H=0.72)
SSL (L/H=0.72)
Square (L/H=0.72)
H (L/H=0.72)
Best Fit Line
Pmult = 0.32(S/D) - 0.23
R2 = 0.86
Pmult = 1.0
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Effect of Variables on P-multiplier Equation
RED = ribbed strips BLUE = welded wire
RED = L/H of 1.0+ BLUE = L/H of 0.9 GREEN = L/H of 0.7
Not significantly affected by reinforcement type Not significantly affected by L/H ratio
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Passive Force References • Duncan, M.J. and Mokwa, R.L. (2001). “Passive earth pressure: theories and tests,”
J. Geotech. & Geoenv. Engrg. ASCE, 127(3), 248-257. • Cole, R.T and Rollins, K.M. (2006). “Passive Earth Pressure Mobilization During
Cyclic Loading.” J. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engrg., Vol. 132, No. 9, 1154-1164.
• Rollins, K.M. and Cole, R.T. (2006). “Cyclic Lateral Load Behavior of a Pile Cap and Backfill.” J. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 132, No. 9, 1143-1153.
• Rollins, K.M. and Sparks, A.E. (2002) “Lateral Load Capacity of a Full-Scale Fixed-Head Pile Group.” J. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 128, No. 9, p. 711-723.
• Rollins, K.M., Sparks, A.E., Peterson, K.T. (2000) “Lateral Load Capacity and Passive Resistance of a Full-Scale Pile Group and Cap.” Transportation Research Record 1736, Transportation Research Board, p. 24-32
• Rollins, K. M. and Jessee, S. (2013). “Passive Force-Deflection Curves for Skewed Abutments”. Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 18, No. 10, p. 1086-1094
• Marsh, A., Rollins, K.M., Behavior of Zero and Thirty Degree Skewed Abutments.” (2013). Journal of Transportation Research, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Vol. 2363 (Soil Mechanics 2013), p. 12-20
• Shamsabadi, A., ROLLINS, K.M., Kapaskur, M. (2007). “Nonlinear Soil-Abutment-Bridge Structure Interaction for Seismic Performance-Based Design.” J. of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engrg., ASCE, (June 2007) Vol. 133, No. 6, 707-720.
• Rollins, K.M., Scott, E., Marsh, E. (2017). “Geofoam Inclusions for Reducing Passive Force on Bridge Abutments Based on Large-Scale Tests.” Procs. Geotechnical Frontiers, Geotechnical Special Publication 279, ASCE, p. 59-68.
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Lateral Pile Group Load References • Rollins, K.M., Olsen, R.J., Egbert, J.J., Jensen, D.H., Olsen, K.G., and
Garrett, B.H. (2006). “Pile Spacing Effects on Lateral Pile Group Behavior: Load Tests.” J. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 132, No. 10, p. 1262-1271,
• Rollins, K.M., Olsen, K.G., Jensen, D.H, Garrett, B.H., Olsen, R.J., and Egbert, J.J. (2006). “Pile Spacing Effects on Lateral Pile Group Behavior: Analysis.” J. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engrg., ASCE, Vol. 132, No. 10, p. 1272-1283.
• Rollins, K.M., Lane, J.D., Gerber, T. M. (2005) “Measured and Computed Lateral Response of a Pile Group in Sand.” J. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engrg., ASCE Vol. 131, No. 1, p. 103-114.
• Rollins, K.M., Snyder, J.L. and Broderick, R.D. (2005). “Static and Dynamic Lateral Response of a 15 Pile Group.” Procs. 16th Intl. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotech. Engineering, Millpress, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 4, p. 2035-2040.
• Rollins K., Budd, R., Luna, A., Hatch, C., Besendorfer, J., Han, J., and Gladstone, R. (2016). “Lateral Resistance of Abutment Piles Near MSE Walls.” International Bridge Conference, Washington, D.C., paper 16-52, 8 p.
• Rollins, K.M. and Nelson, K. (2015). “Influence of pile offset behind an MSE wall on lateral pile resistance.” Procs. XVI European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering: Geotechnical Engineering for Infrastructure and Development, ICE publishing, p. 1163-1168
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Lateral Pile Resistance Near MSE Walls • Rollins K., Budd, R., Luna, A., Hatch, C., Besendorfer, J., Han, J., and
Gladstone, R. (2016). “Lateral Resistance of Abutment Piles Near MSE Walls.” International Bridge Conference, Washington, D.C., paper 16-52, 8 p.
• Rollins, K.M. and Nelson, K. (2015). “Influence of pile offset behind an MSE wall on lateral pile resistance.” Procs. XVI European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering: Geotechnical Engineering for Infrastructure and Development, ICE publishing, p. 1163-1168
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Questions?
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Brigham Young University Campus
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Today’s Participants
• Ken Fishman, McMahon and Mann Consulting Engineers, PC, [email protected]
• Kyle Rollins, Brigham Young University, [email protected]
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Get Involved with TRB • Getting involved is free! • Join a Standing Committee (http://bit.ly/2jYRrF6)
– AFF50 (Seismic Design & Performance of Bridges) • Become a Friend of a Committee
(http://bit.ly/TRBcommittees) – Networking opportunities – May provide a path to become a Standing Committee
member • For more information: www.mytrb.org
– Create your account – Update your profile 97th TRB Annual Meeting: January 7-11, 2018
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Take Part in the Careers in Motion Networking Fair
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