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Sensory Reception
Chapter 31
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Sensation and Perception
• Sensation is conscious awareness of a
stimulus
• Perception is understanding what a
sensation means
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Types of Receptors
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Pain receptors
Chemoreceptors
Osmoreceptors
Photoreceptors
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Assessing a Stimulus
• Action potentials don’t vary in amplitude
• Brain tells nature of stimulus by:
– Particular pathway that carries the signal
– Frequency of action potentials along an axon
– Number of axons recruited
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Recordings of Action Potentials
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Sensory Adaptation
A decrease in response to a stimulus that is being maintained at constant
strength
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Somatic Sensations
• Touch
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Pain
• Motion
• Position
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Somatosensory Cortex
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Hearing
• Ear detects pressure waves
• Amplitude of waves corresponds to
perceived loudness
• Frequency of waves (number per
second) corresponds to perceived pitch
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Anatomy of Human Ear
cochlea
auditory nerve
eardrumauditory canal
hammer
anvilstirrup
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Sound Reception
• Sound waves make the eardrum vibrate
• Vibrations are transmitted to the bones
of the middle ear
• The stirrup transmits force to the oval
window of the fluid-filled cochlea
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Sound Reception
• Movement of oval window causes waves in the fluid inside cochlea ducts
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Sound Reception
• Fluid movement is sensed by the organ of Corti
• Hair cells are bent against overlying tectorial membrane and fire
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Balance and Equilibrium
• In humans, organs
of equilibrium are
located in the
inner ear
• Vestibular
apparatus
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Vision
• Sensitivity to light does not equal
vision
• Vision requires two components
– Eyes
– Capacity for image formation in the
brain
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Camera Eyes
• Characteristic of octopuses, squids, and all vertebrates
• Eye is structured like a camera– Interior is dark chamber– Light enters through pupil– Lens focuses light on photoreceptors
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Human Eye sclera
choroid
iris
lens
pupil
cornea
aqueoushumor
ciliary muscle
vitreous body
retina
fovea
opticdisk
part ofopticnerve
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Pattern of Stimulation
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Visual Accommodation
• Adjustments of the lens
• Ciliary muscle encircles lens, attaches to it
• When this muscle relaxes, lens flattens, moves focal point farther back
• When it contracts, lens bulges, moves focal point toward front of eye
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The Photoreceptors
• Rods – Contain the pigment rhodopsin
– Detect very dim light, changes in light intensity
• Cones– Three kinds; detect red, blue, or green
– Provide color sense and daytime vision
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To the Visual Cortex (2)
Visual cortex
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Taste
• A special sense
• Chemoreceptors
• Five primary
sensations
– Sweet, sour, salty,
bitter, and umami
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Smell
• A special sense
• Olfactory receptors
• Receptor axons lead to olfactory lobe
olfactorybulb
receptor cell
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Sensory Perception
• Sensory Cortexes; visual, auditory, smell, taste, somatosensory.Register current incoming sensory signals.
• Sensory Association Areas for each sense store sensory memory and automatically compare current with past to provide meaning.
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Common Integrating Area(CIA)
• Integrates messages from sensory cortexes and association areas to understand.
• Also known as the gnostic area = knowing
• CIA capacity is limited = what your looking at and/or listening to.
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Memory
• CIA must Recall memory from the sensory association areas. Facilitated pathways help.
• The the CIA Remembers (puts the separate sensory messages back together)
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Thought Process
• CIA is in command
• Sensory Association Areas provide memory
• Frontal Lobes provide temporary storage, i.e., train of thought
• Limbic System provides emotional imput