SESSION 5INTEGRATING GENDER INTO VALUE
CHAINS - THEORY
SESSION GOAL
To enable workshop participants to:
• become familiar with value chain analysis• understand the process of gender analysis in value chain
development
…is a linked set of activities and enterprises that brings a product from conception through disposal.
Value chain Supply chain Market chain
GLOBAL commodity chain filiere (thread) INTERNATIONAL ASSEMBLY LINE
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VALUE CHAIN CONCEPTS
A Value Chain
MAP OF A VALUE CHAIN
VALUE CHAIN CONCEPTS
… is the process of documenting and analyzing the operation of a value chain, and usually involves mapping the chain actors and calculating the value added along its different links
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Value Chain Analysis
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Competitiveness
…is the ability of a firm or industry to develop and maintain an edge over market rivals
VALUE CHAIN CONCEPTS
Competitiveness can be achieved through:
• producing and delivering goods and services more efficiently
• differentiating products or services through quality; standards and branding
• exploiting new market demand
The Value Chain Framework Briefing Paper, AMAP
COMPETITIVENESS CONTINUED
VALUE CHAIN CONCEPTS
…is a process of increasing the economic competitiveness of enterprises, occupying new positions in a global value chain. or delivering to new markets and buyers. Upgrading is achieved by, e.g., improving working conditions, job and employment security, and maintaining a clean environment are all important means by which to upgrade.
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Upgrading
Types of Upgrading:
• Chain upgrading: moving to a new chain
• Functional upgrading: changing the mix of activities
• Process upgrading: increasing the efficiency
• Product upgrading: introducing new products
UPGRADING CONTINUED
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COMMON VALUE CHAIN CONSTRAINTS
• Small land holdings• Low productivity or lack of access to productive
technologies• Limited range of finance and credit options• Lack of access to affordable inputs and BDS• Weak producer associations • Weak market linkages• Lack of access to market information• Lack of coordination between public and private sector
stakeholders• Trust
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHIFT TO PRODUCING IN VALUE CHAINS
• Shift from production processed that draws on indigenous or local knowledge to practices that depend on technical knowledge received from other input suppliers or buyers
• Increasing coordination of the activities from production to end user
• More complex contractual arrangements
• Greater concentration in procurement processes and end retailing
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• Global value chains can create employment opportunities and improve living standards for the poor
• To achieve this design and implementation of projects must aim to:– increase the total amount and value of products that the poor sell
in value chains; and,– sustain the share of the poor in a given sector or increase their
margins per product, so that– poor producers and employees gain both an absolute increase in
income as well as an increase in the relative income of the poor compared to other actors along the chain
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VALUE CHAINS FOR DEVELOPMENT
PART 2GENDER AND VALUE CHAIN
ANALYSIS
WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
• Looking beyond women’s role as farm laborers towards increasing their participation as farmer-entrepreneurs
• Recognizing that women and men can be equally productive when given access to equivalent agricultural inputs and technology
• Providing more equitable access to all factors of production: land, labor, water, credit, and information for both women and men
• Increasing women’s employment increases economic growth
• Increasing women’s employment can reduce poverty• Addressing gender constraints to employment and
productivity can increase competitiveness• Ignoring gender may limit the strategies considered
WHY DOES IT MATTER?
• Analysis of men and women’s distribution throughout the chain
• Analysis of gender relations that influence patterns described and measured in value chains
APROACHES TO ADDRESSING GENDER ISSUES IN VALUE CHAINS
GATE’S Two Gender VCA Approaches
RESEARCH• Describe men and women’s
roles in value chains• Reveal sex segmentation
and gender bias in labor markets
• Link economic data to power and gender differences along the chain
IMPLEMENTATION• Examine underlying gender
issues using a qualitative gender analysis framework
• Link gender analysis to program objectives
• Build the capacity of USAID and partner staff to recognize gender constraints and opportunities in value chain programs
GENDER VCA APPROACHES
A GENDER AND PRO-POOR VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
GATE uses a gender and pro-poor value chain analysis:• to explore the nature of production and the terms and
conditions of employment along a specific chain; and,• to identify opportunities to improve market outcomes,
raise productivity and wages, and foster pro-poor growth in the sector
GATE conducted two gender and pro-poor value chain analyses examining the shrimp sector in Bangladesh and the artichoke sector in Peru.
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APPROACH
The value chain analysis is conducted from a distributional perspective:
• Segmentation analysis of labor markets by sex
• Estimating costs, returns and value-added
• Multipliers and spillover effects
Mixed Methods Data Collection
• Quantitative – Primary data collection through surveys– Secondary analysis of household surveys and national
accounts data
• Qualitative– Key informant interviews– Group interviews
• All data is disaggregated by sex
METHODOLOGY
• Valuable export crop: in 2004, over $360 million annually in earnings and 4.9 percent of foreign exchange
• Ranks second in foreign exchange• Generates signification employment• Two types cultivated
– Saltwater shrimp (Bagda)– Freshwater shrimp (Golda)
• Farm methods range from traditional to semi-intensive
PRO-POOR ANALYSIS OF SHRIMP SECTOR IN BANGLADESH
Sex Segmentation Along The Chain
• Women and men cluster in different segments of the chain and have clearly gender-defined tasks, roles and responsibilities
• Wage differentials: Women earn between 70-80% of men’s wages
• Women are disproportionately temporary or casual workers: 70% of all temporary workers in processing
PRO-POOR ANALYSIS OF SHRIMP SECTOR IN BANGLADESH
Power and Inequality Along the Chain
Small producers and women are the most vulnerable participants in the chain
Small producers are locked into sub-optimal contracts
Women are invisible at certain nodes or in casual/temporary labor
Intermediaries, larger farmers, and processors have more power to negotiate
PRO-POOR ANALYSIS OF SHRIMP SECTOR IN BANGLADESH
Illustrative Program and Policy Recommendations
• Develop a Welfare Fund to extend benefits, including health care and pensions, to informal and subcontracted workers
• Increase cultivation of ‘golda’ prawn which is less virus prone; earns consistently higher prices; cultivated in smaller household ponds; greater involvement of women
• Expand spot markets and inject credit to release many small farmers and intermediaries from usurious contracts
PRO-POOR ANALYSIS OF SHRIMP SECTOR IN BANGLADESH
Overview
• Two varieties of artichokes:– Traditional variety, “Criolla”
– Export variety, “Hybrid”
• Two modes of production:– Coastal
– Highland
• USD 70 million in exports (2006)• 20% of US market• Potential to produce all year• Opportunities to expand acreage
and number of small producers
GENDER AND PRO-POOR ANALYSIS OF ARTICHOKE SECTOR IN PERU
Sex Segmentation Along the Chain
• Women make up 51 percent of employment along the chain
• Women and men cluster in different occupations
• Women are employed for specific tasks: peeling, cutting and de-leafing
GENDER AND PRO-POOR ANALYSIS OF ARTICHOKE SECTOR IN PERU
Economic Spillovers
• Forward linkages are strong• Greatest backward linkages
are with small and medium-sized farmers who capture least amount of value-added along the chain
• Promoting better sales price for small and medium producers would amplify spillover effects and create more dynamism
GENDER AND PRO-POOR ANALYSIS OF ARTICHOKE SECTOR IN PERU
Illustrative Program and Policy Recommendations
• Strengthen mechanisms for labor supervision to hold processing plants accountable for providing adequate benefits for their men and women workers
• Increase agricultural product portfolios including use of traditional artichoke varieties to expand the market opportunities of small and medium-sized farmers
• Develop an appropriate technological package that includes low-cost irrigation technology and use of local inputs
GENDER AND PRO-POOR ANALYSIS OF ARTICHOKE SECTOR IN PERU
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT CHALLENGES FACING WOMEN AND MEN?
Can women/men be incorporated in value chains in a way that improves farm enterprise and/or sector competitiveness?
The challenges to women/men are:• Meeting quality and environmental standards• Maintaining consistent and reliable supplies• Meeting the costs of certification• Identifying multiple sales outlets
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INTEGRATING GENDER INTO VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT
• Map the participation of men and women in the value chain
• Identify the gender-based constraints and opportunities
• Design solutions to remove gender-based constraints• Construct indicators to measure success of action• Revise program objectives as needed to be more
gender-sensitive
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Identifying the Gender Constraint in the General Constraint
General Constraints• Small land holdings
• Limited range of finance and credit options
• Lack of access to market information
• Low productivity
Gender-based Constraints• Laws or customs that restrict
women’s land ownership• Bank policies that do not
allow a married woman to obtain a loan without her husband’s signature
• Social norms limit women’s networking abilities
• Inequitable distribution of harvest income
IDENTIFYING GENDER-BASED CONSTRAINTS
GENERAL CONSTRAINT
IDENTIFYING GENDER-BASED CONSTRAINTS
GENDER-BASED CONSTRAINT
Small landholdings
Limited range of finance and credit options
Lack of access to market information
Low productivity
Laws or customs that restrict women’s land ownership
Bank policies that require a married women to obtain her husband’s signature
Social norms that limit women’s networking abilities
Inequitable distribution of household income
GENDER-BASED CONSTRAINTS
DESIGNING SOLUTIONS
Inequitable distribution of harvest income
• Promote joint accounts or accounts in women’s names
• Create innovative payment incentives to ensure married women producers receive returns from their labor
• Use multiple mediums for communicating price and marketing information (e.g. cell phones and radio)
• Increase women’s participation in producer associations
POSSIBLE SOULTIONS
Social norms limit women’s networking abilities