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+Oil palm and Agroforestry Systems:
coupling yields with environmental
services, an experiment in the
Brazilian Amazon
Andrew MiccolisICRAF Brazil
Authors: Miccolis, A., Vasconcelos, S.,
Castellani, D., Carvalho, V.; Kato, O.;
Silva, A.Presented by: Jonathan Cornelius (ICRAF)
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+
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+
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+
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+Conventional Monocrop vs. Diversified
Oil Palm + Agroforestry Systems?
Oil palm + agroforestry experiment, Year 5,
Tomé Açu, Pará, Brazil. Photo: Debora Castellani
Conventional oil palm
monocrop system
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+Hypotheses
Oil palm planted with agroforestry systems
might provide significant increases in soil C
stock and nutrient cycling through
management practices, such as intensive
pruning and mulching, and thus contribute
to climate change mitigation
Diversified oil palm agroforestry systems
might provide a socially, economically and
environmentally feasible alternative to
monocrop systems in the context of
smallholders
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+An experiment in Tomé-Açu, Pará State
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+Dendê Project: Oil palm + AFS
Project Partners: NATURA (major Brazilian
cosmetics company, EMBRAPA (Nat’l ag. Research
agency, CAMTA (Tomé Açu Farmers’Cooperative),
FINEP
3 Demonstration plots (6 ha each) = total 18 ha
Oil palm + around 17 species in biodiverse
systems
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+Oil Palm + AFS overall design:
3 x 6-hectare plots = total 18 ha
Double rows oil palm (9 x 7.5m)
+ cacao intercropped between OP
Rows of AFS (21, 18, 15 m),
depending on plot and treatment
4 main treatments per plot:
1) “biodiverse” - mechanized
preparation (TRITUCAP)
2) “biodiverse” - manual prep.
3) “fertilizing species” -
manual prep
4) fertilizing species -
mechanized preparation
Treatment definitions
Biodiverse = around 17
species/ha (+regrowth),
wider spacing for AF strips
(21 m)
Fertilizing species (6-7
species/ha), focus on
leguminous species, 15 m
AF strips
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+Key species planted in AFS
açaí (Euterpe oleracea),
cacao (Theobroma cacao),
bacaba (Oenocarpus
bacaba),
ipê (Tabebuia spp.),
jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril)
and
ucúuba (Virola surinamentis),
pracaxi (Pentaclethra
macroloba)
gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium),
ingá (Inga edulis),
Bio-mass producing,
(“Fertilizing”) species
TREES
pig beans (Canavalia ensiformis),
pidgeon peas (Cajan cajanus),
mucuna (Mucuna cinereum),
mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia),
puerária (Pueraria phaseoloides),
banana (Musa sp),
crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis),
cassava (Manihot esculenta)
Lianas
Black pepper (Piper nigrum)
Passionfruit (passiflora sp.)
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+
High Biodiversity Oil
Palm AFS (T2)mecanical prep
High Biodiversity Oil
Palm AFS (T3)manual prep
Low Biodiversity Oil
Palm AFS (T1)
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+
Source: Castellani (2011)
Layout of biodiverse AFS + OP
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+Land use history on Demonstration
Plot: 10 yr old secondary growth used
previously through conventional slash and
burn for rice, cassava, maize, cowpeas
Above-ground biomass: 55.3 +/- 0.9 Mg
ha-1
Periodic fires
Nutrient-deficient soils
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+Management techniques
Removing (weeding) vegetation from around oil palm (3-5
times/year)
Pruning/copacing of “fertilizing” species for mulching and
sunlight for secondary species: cacao, açai palm, bacaba
palm, black pepper
Cut and carrying mulch around oil palm trees and secondary
species (cocoa and others)
Organic fertilization in planting holes and compost from
CAMTA factory (mostly fruit residues) as mulch
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+Study methods: soil C stocks
Calculated soil C stock in young (3-yr old)
oil palm + AFS on one 6-ha plot
Soil samples under: high biodiversity (T1 and T2)
low biodiversity (T3) and different land
preparation methods (mechanized vs. manual)
5 randomly selected plots (22.5 x 18m for AFS +
oil palm), covering 2 rows of OP and 1 row of AFS
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+Study methods: soil C stocks
Soil samples taken August 2010 (yr 3):
0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, and 30-50 cm, using auger probes.
Samples from different positions in OP + AFS: (a) under oil palm canopy, (b) in-between oil palm trees, and (c) from AFS area.
Soil from Conventional AFS and Secondary Growth forest sampled without a defined spatial pattern.
Composite samples of three soil cores taken at random for each combination of treatment, sampling position, and depth.
All samples air-dried, ground, and passed through 2-mm sieve. About 120 g of each sieved sample was used for particle size and chemical analyses (Embrapa 1997).
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+Reference areas compared
1) 10-15 yr old adjacent secondary growth
forest;
Average canopy height: 15m
Average density: 520 trees ha-1(>10cm
DAB)
2) 9 yr old “conventional” agroforestry
system (w/out oil palm)
Replaced black pepper monoculture
20x20m plots in these 2 reference areas
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+Preliminary findings:
Soil carbon stocks
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
AF + OIL PALM
10-15 yr regrowth
conventional AFS
AF + OIL PALM 10-15 yr regrowth conventional AFS
Series 1 73.5 60 57
Soil Carbon Stocks in 3 systems
Obs: AF+ Oil Palm: 71-76 Mg C ha-1
Source: Carvalho et al 2014 (in print)
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+Overview - other key findings
Oil palm yields (FFB) OP + AFS greater than monocrop OP at same age (4.5 yrs) under similar conditions
OBS: Data based on actual harvests in year 4.
Monocrop oil palm around 143 pl/ha. Avg. yields: 5 tons ha-1 yr-1 (yr 4)
Source: Castellani et al 2013
Biodiversity indicators
Greater plant species diversity in OP+AFS than in monocrop OP around same age (3yrs) (Kato et al 2011)
Greater bird species diversity and richness indices (Thom et al 2011) than in monocrop systems at same age (3yrs)
Plot 1 (81 pl/ha) Plot 2 (99 pl/ha) Plot 3 (99 pl/ha)
8 tons ha-1 yr-1 6.4 tons 8.7 tons
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+Andrew Miccolis comments:
“Although we don’t have direct evidence yet, intensive slash and
mulch (coupled with organic fertilization techniques), leading to
improved soil properties and fertility is probably responsible for this
astonishingly higher productivity per plant at this age. OBS:
Monocrop oil palm around 143 pl/ha. Avg. yields: 5-6 tons ha-1 yr-1
(YR 4) according to literature from Brazil”
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+ Conclusions (preliminary) Oil palm + Agroforestry systems outperformed adjacent
secondary growth and conventional agroforestry systems in
C stocks
Mexican sunflower (Tithonia) stood out among “fertilizing
species”, provided very high nutrient contents (dry mass)
under these conditions, met design criteria (pruning
frequency, biomass production)
Use of fertilizing species through pruning and mulching
reduced inputs and helped increase oil palm yields and c
stocks
Preliminary data (soil C, nutrient, yields) suggests oil
palm + AFS might be more sustainable alternative to
monocrop systems and play important role in climate
change mitigation, recovering degraded lands
Need for more research to draw direct linkages between
management practices and nutrient cycling, c stocks,
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+Thank you!
Premissas na Análise Econômica
• A estimativa de produção é conservadora
• Os preços não são de produtos orgânicos
• Os produtos são aqueles comercializados pelo agricultor com a agroindústria
• Os preços refletem os resultado da pesquisa de mercado em 2012 (loca, regional e nacional)
• Os produtos florestais não madeireiros não foram contabilizados na receita
• Os custos de consideraram valor do aluguel (equipamentos e máquinas) e pagamento de mão
de obra do agricultor (diárias)
• A escala do experimento é significativa (18 ha)
• Há pagamento de serviços ambientais para o agricultor