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Settling The Chesapeake
2.2
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Jamestown Colony
• Inadequate labor– gold over farming– “would rather starve than work”
• Inadequate supplies
• High death rate– Malaria, dysentery, typhoid – 1607 (104-50)– 1609 (400-65) winter “starving time”
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VA Co. Stabilizes Colony
• 1607 John Smith autocratic rule
• Forced labor– “He that will not work, shall not eat”
• 1618 Headright System– 50 acres anyone pays way over or servants
way– Large estates
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“Charter of Grants & Liberties”
• Replaced military style gov’t
• 1619 House of Burgesses – 1st elected assembly – Landowner can vote– Company picks Gov. & has veto power– Other colonies follow
• 1619 20 slaves arrive
• VA dominated by slave-owning planters
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Powhatan’s World
• 15k – 25k
• 2 yrs VA Co. & Smith kind to Indians & trade
• 1610 settlers massacre villages & destroy crops
• 1614 peace restore John Rolfe married Pocahontas– Died 1617 England
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War 1622
• English permanent expanding colony
• Opechancanough kill 1/3 VA pop.
• Settlers retaliate
• Indians forfeited any claim to land
• Trade continued
• Power shifted to English
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War 1644
• Opechancanough defeated again
• Indians moved to reservations west – Separation
• VA now a Royal Colony– Investors made no money– London ignores it for yrs– Local elite govern selves
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Tobacco
• West Indian – John Rolfe
• Rise of Planter elite (get rich quick)
• Small farmers (ex-servants)
• Demand for land & labor
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White VA Society
• Wealthy gentry (Planters)
• Small farmer
• Poor laborers (3/4)– Indentured servants– Ex-servants
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Women & Family
• VA lacked women-“tobacco brides”
• Indentured servants– Families mid 20’s– Hard work & early death– Abuse
• Femme sole
• Widows poverty
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Maryland
• Tobacco planter society
• Cecilius Calvert
• Absolute power of proprietor vs. rights of colonists
• Generous headright system – 50 acres
• High death rate
• Land prospects diminish
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Religious-Political Tensions
• Calvert’s Catholic leanings vs. settler’s Protestant leanings
• English Civil War (1640’s)– Verge of anarchy– Protestant majority seize power
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Reforms
• Calvert appoints Protestant Gov.
• Refuge for Dissenters (VA & England)
• Act Concerning Religion (1649)– Religious toleration– Only Christians are free