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Shelby County ATCSherry Allen, RN
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• Works closely with circulatory system, exchanging gases between air and blood:• Takes up oxygen from air and supplies it
to blood (for cellular respiration).• Removal and disposal of carbon dioxide
from blood (waste product from cellular respiration).
Homeostatic Role:– Regulates blood pH.– Regulates blood oxygen and carbon dioxide
levels.
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• Ventilation– exchange of air between lungs and
atmosphere• Gas Exchange in pulmonary capillaries• Breathing largely involuntary activity
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• All cells require oxygen for metabolism• All cells require means to remove carbon
dioxide• Gas exchange at cellular level
OxygenCarbon Dioxide
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• upper respiratory tract– nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and
trachea• lower respiratory tract
– bronchial tree and lungs
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• nasal cavity• nasal septum• mucous
membrane– mucus– cilia– olfactory receptors
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• Nasopharynx– Posterior to the nose– Contains adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils
• Oropharynx– Posterior to the mouth– Palatine tonsils
• Laryngopharynx– Superior to the larynx
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• Oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as a common passageway for both food and air
• Epiglottis acts as a lid or flap that covers the larynx and trachea (airway) so food does not enter the lungs.
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• Also known as the voice box• Glottis (vocal apparatus)
– vocal bands or vocal cords
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• Windpipe or airway• Mucous membrane lining with cilia• Smooth muscle with
c-shaped cartilage rings• divides into two branches:
– Right bronchi– Left bronchi
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• Bronchus, singular• C-shaped cartilage rings with smooth
muscle• Each bronchi divides into
bronchioles • Terminate in air sacs
called alveoli
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• Resembles a small balloon as it expands and contracts with the flow of air
• CO2 diffuses from the blood in the capillaries, enters the alveoli, and is exhaled
• On inspiration, O2 diffuses from the alveoli to enter the capillaries
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• thoracic• thorax• mediastinum
– heart– aorta– esophagus– bronchi– thymus
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Right-3 lobes Left-2 lobes
Lungs
trachea
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• each lung enclosed in pleura• parietal pleura (inner)• visceral pleura (outer)• pleural space or pleural cavity• lubricating fluid
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• muscle separating chest and abdomen• inspiration, diaphragm contracts and
increases thoracic space– air flows in
• expiration, diaphragm relaxes and decreases thoracic space– air flows out
• phrenic nerve
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• External respiration - exchange of gases in lungs
• Internal respiration - exchange of gases within cells of the body organs and tissues
• Ventilation - movement of air – One inspiration and one exhalation = one Ventilation
• Adult normal 12 -20 breaths per minute (bpm)
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• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseCOPD – Term used to describe any chronic lung disease that results in obstruction of the ariways
• Dyspnea-Difficulty breathing• Bradypnea – less than 12 bpm• Tachypnea-greater than 20 bpm
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• Asthma –usually caused by a sensitivity to an allergen– Bronchospasms –narrow the opening of the
bronchioles, productive cough, tightness in the chest– mucolytics, bronchodilators
• Chronic Bronchitis-inflammation of the bronchi & bronchiole tubes– mucosal swelling, productive cough, chest pain– expectorants, bronchodilators, steroids
• Emphysema-noninfectious, chronic; walls of the alveoli deteriorate & lose their elasticity. Co2 remains trapped in the alveoli (suffocating feeling)– barrel-chest, dyspnea, orthopnea, can lead to
respiratory failure and death
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• Acute infectious respiratory disease; highly contagious
• Viral• Fever, chills,
headache, myalgia, anorexia, sore throat
• Avoid aspirin in children
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• Pleurisy – Inflammation of the pleura or membranes of the lungs Usually occurs with pneumonia or other
lung infections Symptoms: sharp stabbing pain while
breathing , crepitation, dyspnea and fever
If fluid collects – thoracentesis can be done
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• Infectious, highly communicable disease
• aerosol transmission• primary tuberculosis,
tubercles• immunocompromised• effects other organ systems• drug resistant strains
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Inflammation or infection of the lungs – fluid in alveoli
lobar, bilateral• Hemoptyisis Pneumocystis carinii • lavage
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• Hereditary disorder, affects exocrine glands
• systemic involvement– lungs, pancreas, digestive tract
• Viscous mucus blocks bronchioles• Gas exchange impaired
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• Surfactant– decreases the surface tension
of the alveoli– needed for alveoli to fill with
air and expand (compliance)• Infant respiratory distress
syndrome (hyaline membrane disease)
• Adult respiratory distress syndrome
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• Primary Pulmonary Cancer• Smoking is leading cause of ALL
TYPES OF LUNG CANCERS• common site: epithelium of
bronchi– bronchogenic carcinoma– masses form and block air passages– metastasizes frequently to lymph
noes, liver, bones, brain, or kidney
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Laryngitis – inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords.
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• Upper Respiratory Infection – common cold
• Inflammation of the mucus membranes• Caused by viruses and are highly
contagious• No cure last 7-10 days
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Internist Perfusionist Respiratory Therapist Respiratory Therapy Technician Thoracic Surgeon