Download - Sistem Endokrine
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SISTEM ENDOKRIN
Bagian AnatomiFakultas KedokteranUniversitas Hasanuddin
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Introduction
– The endocrine system consists of cells, tissues, & organs that secrete hormones into the blood
– Hormone – an organic substance secreted by a cell that has an effect on the metabolic activity of another cell or tissue
– Target cells – cells that are affected by the hormone
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PENDAHULUAN
• SISTEM ENDOKRIN, adalah- Sistem yg terdiri dari KELENJAR ENDOKRIN- Yang menghasilkan hormon
• Kelenjar endokrin, - Berupa “suatu” organ tersendiri atau- Sekumpulaqn sel kelenjar yg menjadi bagian ORGAN yg bukan kelenjar- TIDAK MEMPUNYAI saluran pengeluaran (ductus excretorius) dan produksi hormon yg dilepas ke cairan intersel ke pembuluh drh
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KELENJAR ENDOKRIN
• Terdpt byk kel.endokrin, ttp sec makro yang berupa “satu” organ tersendiri yaitu:
1. GLD.HYPOFISE ( gld. Pituitary )2. GLD.THYREOIDEA3. GLD.PARATHYREOIDEA4. GLD.SUPRARENALIS5. PANCREAS6. TESTIS/OVARIUM7. EPIPHYSE (Gld.Pinealis)8. Thymus
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KELENJAR ENDOKRIN
• Kel.endokrin lain yg merupakan BAGIAN dari suatu organ :
1. Epitel GIT (gastrin)
2. Diencephalon
3. Glomus caroticus (=carotid body)
4. Ren (Erythropoietin)
5. Endothel pemb.drh
• Semua aktifitas organ diatur atas koordinasi utk pencapaian homeostasis oleh sistem neural & sistem hormonal
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TUJUAN
• Tujuan mempelajari Anatomi sistem endokrin yaitu untuk mengetahui dan memahami:
1. Letak
2. Bentuk
3. Relasi dengan struktur dekatnya
4. Pokok-pokok peranannya
5. Tindakan yang akan dilakukan
• Sehingga suatu kelainan letak/ bentuk/ besar yang ditimbulkannya dapat dipahami
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GLANDULA HYPHOPHYSE (= Gld. Pituitaria)
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GLANDULA HYPHOPHYSE
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GLANDULA HYPOPHYSE
• Bentuk ovoid/kacang, ukuran
12 x 8 mm, berat ± 500 mg• Letak
- INTRACRANIAL (dalam cavum cranii)) pd central fossa cranii media, lanjutan dari dasar diencephalon/ ventriculus III
-- Pd fossa hypophyse dibasis cranii (sella turcica os sphenoidalis)
-- Extradural (pembungkus cerebrum)
-Dikelilingi pembuluh darah CIRCULUS WILLISI• Gland Hypophyse tergantung pada hypothalamus
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GLANDULA HYPOPHYSE(= Gld. Pituitaria)LETAK:
“fossa hypophyseal” pd superior sinus sphenoidalis + nasopharynx
Ditutupi “diaphragma sellae” (bgn duramater) → centralnya berlubang dilalui INFUNDIBULUM
SINUS CAVERNOSUS & isinya (lateral) SINUS INTERCAVERNOSUS (ant+post+inf) Chiasma opticum (ant.sup) Dikelilingi CIRCULUS WILLISI
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GLANDULA HYPOPHYSE
Terbagi 2 LOBUS Lobus ANTERIOR + Lobus POSTERIOR
LOBUS ANTERIOR ( - Adenohypophyse)o Strukturnya murni sel kelenjar CELLULARo Lebih kecil dari Lobus Posterior
LOBUS POSTERIOR ( = Neurohypophyse )o Lanjutan dari Hypothalamuso Karena itu Strukturnya NEURALo Lebih besar dari LOBUS Anterior
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PEMBAGIAN
LOBUS ANTERIOR:• Pars infundibularis/tuberalis• Pars ant / distalis• Pars intermedia
LOBUS POSTERIOR:• Eminentia mediana• Infundibulum stem• Lobus neuralis
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GLANDULA HYPOPHYSE PRODUKSI HORMON
o LOBUS ANTERIOR1. THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) Gld. Thyreoidea2. FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) Ovarium3. ADRENOCORTI COTROPIN HORMONE (ACTH) Gld. Suprarenalis4. SOMATOTROPIN HORMONE/STH (GROWTH HORMONE = GH)5. LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH), pada wanita Ovarium6. INTERSTITIAL CELL STIMULATING HORMONE (ICSH), pd pria
Testis7. PROLACTIN / LACTOGENIC HORMONE Mammae8. MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH) kulit
o LOBUS POSTERIOR1. OXYTOCIN2. VASOPRESSIN / ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
Karena itu Glandula Hypophyse = MASTER GLAND
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VASCULARISASI
1. Arteri dari cab. a.carotis interna:• a. hyphophyseus superior• a. hyphophyseus inferior
2. Vena: (ke sinus cavernosus)• v. hyphophyseus superior• v. hyphophyseus inferior
3. Intrahyphophyseal → terbtk:• Anastomose• Sistem Portal hyphophyse
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Hypophyseal Portal System
• Portal systems: two capillary networks in serial arrangement Advantage?
• Named after their destination: . . .
• Portal veins: blood vessels that link two capillary networks
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GLANDULA SUPRARENALIS
(= Gland. Adrenal)
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Glandula suprarenalis
• Berat 3-6 mg,ukuran 50x30x10 mm,warna kekuning-kuningan
• Ada 2 buah: Gld.suprarenalis sinistra et dextra
• Td 2 bgn : CORTEX (bagian luar,9/10) dan MEDULLA (bgn dalam,1/10)
• Mempunyai hilus : terltk pd facies anterior, dilewati vasa suprarenalis & pemb.lymphe
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Glandula suprarenalis
• LETAK: Pd cavum abdominis (retroperitoneal) Pd polus superior renalis sin + dextr. Dibungkus : fascia renalis & perirenal fat
• VASCULARISASI:1. A.suprarenalis superior (cab.a.phrenica inf)2. A.suprarenalis media (cab.lgsg aorta abd)3. A.suprarenalis inf (cab.a.renalis) Arteri tsb tidak masuk pd hilus suprarenalis
ttp pd permukaan lainnya
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Gld.Suprarenalis Dextra
• Btk : pyramid• < dp sinistra• Relasi struktur:
anterior: pars affixa hepatis lob.dextr(sup+lat),V.cava inf(lat),peritoneum (inf)
Posterior:diaphragma(sup),ventromedial polus renalis dextr(inf)
Gld.suprarenalis Sinistra
• Btk : semilunaris• > dp dextra• Relasi struktur:
Anterior: ddg post bursa omentalis+gaster(sup),corpus pancreatis (inf)
Posterior: crus sin diaph (medial), medial polus sup ren sin (lat)
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• VENA: Hanya ada 1 vena suprarenalis, keluar dari hilus
suprarenalis Dextra →ke V. cava inferior Sinistra →ke v.renalis sinistra
• ALIRAN LYMPHE: Ikut v.suprarenalisKe nl.para aorticiPemb.lymphe keluar dari hilus SR
• INNERVASI:Hanya SYMPATHIS, dari n.splanchnicus thoracis, ke
cortex + medullaTDK ADA innervasi parasympathis
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GLANDULA SUPRARENALIS 2(2) Produksi Hormon :
o Dari CORTEX
1. MINERALOCORTICOID (= Aldosterone)
2. GLUCOCORTICOID (= Cortisone/Cortisol)
3. SEX HORMONE
o Dari MEDULLA :
1. ADRENALINE
2. NORADRENALINE
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PANCREAS
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PANCREAS 1(2)
Ukuran panjang ± 14 – 18 cm, ± 70 gramTerletak melintang dari DUODENUM (pada sisi
kanan) ke LIEN (sisi kiri)Dibelakang GASTERDicavum abdominis spatium RetroperitonealeTerdiri dari : CAPUT, CORPUS dan CAUDAAda ductus excretorius = DUCTUS PANCREATICUS
bermuara pada DUODENUM
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PANCREAS 2(2)
Gabungan KEL. EKSOKRIN dan KEL. ENDOKRIN
Bagian KEL. EKSOKRIN yang punya Ductus Pancreaticus
Bagian KEL. ENDOKRIN yaitu bagian PULAU-PULAU LANGERHANS dari Pancreas, terdiri sel :o Sel ά Hormon GLUCAGONo Sel β Hormon INSULIN
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PANCREAS
• Suatu kel. Endokrin →ttp juga kel.exocrine• Strukturnya:lobuler, dibungkus capsula
jar.ikat• Berat 67-75 gr,panjang 14-18 cm• Surface anatomy, terletak:
Regio epigastriumRegio hypochondrium sinistraPd bidang/linea TRANSPYLORICA
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PANCREAS
LETAK:• Retroperitoneal didlm cav.abd• Melintang hampir horizontal dgn bagian
cauda agak naik ke hilus lienalis• Terdapat pd ddg post bursa omentalis• Pada level Vertebra L2 ke Th 12-L1
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Bagian-bagiannya1. CAPUT PANCREATIS:
• Regio epigastrium• Terltk pd lengkungan huruf “C” duodenum (pars
sup+desc+horizontal)• s/d batas INCISURA PANCREATICA
2. CORPUS PANCREATIS:• Regio epigastrium• Mulai pd incisura pancreatica• Diventral aorta abdominalis & ren sin,didorsal gaster• s/d batas lig.lienorenale
3. CAUDA PANCREATIS:• Regio hypochondrium sinistra• Didlm lig.lienorenale, masuk hilus lienalis
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RELASI STRUKTUR
• DEXTRA: lengkungan “C” duodenum• SINISTRA: hilus lienalis• SUPERIOR: a.lienalis, pylorus• INFERIOR: flexura duodenojejunalis• VENTRAL:bursa omentalis,gaster,mesocolon
transv,colon transversum• DORSAL:V.C.inf,aorta abd, ren sin,v.lienalis,crus
diaphragma,v.mes.inf, v.porta,ductus choledochus
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DUCTUS PANCREATICUS(=ductus WIRSUNGI)
• Adl ductus excretorius dr bagian exocrine pancreas
• Berjln dr cauda ke corpus, belok ke caudal pd caput
• Bermuara bersama dgn DUCTUS CHOLEDOCHUS pd sisi medial duodenum pars desc.→ pd papilla Duodeni Major VATERI
• Pada muaranya terdpt otot sphincter yg disebut m.sphincter Oddi
• Kadang terdpt DUCTUS PANCREATICUS ACCESSORIUS (Santorini) yg terltk diatas ductus Wirsungi pd caput pancreas.
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VASCULARISASI
• CAPUT PANCREAS:1. A. Pancreatico duodenalis superior
(cab.a.gastroduodenale)
2. A. Pancreatico duodenalis inferior (cab.a.mesenterica superior)
• CORPUS + CAUDA: Merupakan cab. A.Lienalis
1. A.pancreatico dorsalis/transversa
2. A.pancreatico magna
3. A.pancreatico caudalis
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• VENA: umumnya ikut arteri1. V.pancreatico duodenalis sup :bermuara
ke v.porta
2. V.pancreatico duodenalis inf : bermuara ke v.mesenterica sup
3. V.pancreatico transversa/inf: bermuuara ke v.mesenterica inf.
• ALIRAN LYMPHE: Terdpt nodul lymphaticus yg ikuti arteri pd
pancreas yaitu: nl. Pancreaticolienalis, nl.subpylorici,
nl.pancreaticoduodenalis, nl.mesenterici.
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GLANDULA THYREOIDEA
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GLANDULA THYROIDEA
• MORFOLOGI• VASKULARISASI• SYSTEM LIMPHATIC• INNERVASI
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MORFOLOGI
• Td 2 lobus yang simetris, dihubungkan oleh ISTHMUS, terkadang terdapat LOBUS PYRAMIDALIS
• Dibungkus oleh fascia propria (TRUE CAPSULE) dan fascia pretrachealis (FALSE CAPSULE)
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MORFOLOGI
• Terletak di bag. Anterior leher (Larynx-trachea)
• V C5-7 dan V Th1• Ditutupi oleh m.sternohyoideus dan m.
sternothyreoideus• Ujung cranial dpt mencapai LINEA
OBLIQUA CART.THYREOIDEA• Ujung caudal (cincin trachea 5-6)
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MORFOLOGI
• Difiksasi juga pd trachea dan cartilago cricoidea (LIGAMENT OF BERRY)
• Sebelah superficialnya terdapat otot-otot INFRAHYOID
• Disebelah profunda terdapat N.LARYNGEUS EXT. & N. RECURRENS
• Sebelah Postero-lateral terdapat CAROTID SHEATH
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VASCULARISASI
• A.THYREOIDEA SUPERIOR (cab. A.carotis externa), mempercab.kan r.anterior (menuju ke isthmus) dan posterior, beranastomose dengan r.ascendens a.thyreoidea inferior
• A.THYREOIDEA INFERIOR (cab.truncus threocervicalis) mensuplai ke sebag.besar kelenjar
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VASCULARISASI• A.THYREOIDEA IMA (cab.
Truncus brachiocephalicus atau langsung dari arcus aortae)
• Aliran darah vena (V.THYREOIDEA SUP,MEDIA) bermuara kedlm v.jugularis interna dan v.thyreoidea inf bermuara ke v..brachiocephalica
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ALIRAN LYMPHE
• LN. CERVICALIS PROFUNDUS ( bagian superior dan inferior)
• LN. PARATRACHEALIS
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INNERVASI
SYMPATHIS (mengikuti a.thyreoidea superior dan a.thyreoidea inferior)
• GANGLION CERVICALE SUPERIOR• GANGLION CERVICALE MEDIUS
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GLANDULA THYREOIDEA Terdiri dari :
o 2 LOBUS LATERALIS DEXTER dan SINISTES– Keduanya simetris– Berbentuk “ CONUS “
o 1 ISTHMUS, menghubungkan kedua Lobuso Kadang-kadang ada LOBUS PYRAMIDALIS
Berat ± 500 gram, tinggi ± 5 cm Dibungkus oleh 2 pembungkus FASCIA
– Superficial (paling luar) = False Capsule– Profunda (lapisan dalam) = TRUE Capsule
Gld. Parathyreoidea, ikut terbungkus bersama gld. Thyreoidea oleh False Capsule
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GLANDULA THYREOIDEA LETAK
o diventral :– Bagian Caudal LARYNX (Cartilago Thyreoidea + Cricoidea)– Bagian Cranial TRACHEA (s/d cincin cartilago trachealis VI)
o ditutupi :– Otot-otot Infrahyoid
o medial (sisi dalam) :– Larynx– Trachea– Oesphagus– Carotid Sheath– N. Recurrens laryngeus
Melekat pada LARYNX ikut gerakan naik-turun LARYNX Produksi Hormon THYROXIN
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GLANDULA PARATHYROIDEA
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GLANDULA PARATHYREOIDEA
Ada 4 buah, dorsal Lobus Lateralis Dexter + Sinister gld. Thyreoidea.
Ukurannya ± 6 x 4 x 2 mm, ± 50 grDibungkus oleh False Capsule Gld. ThyreoideaProduksi Hormon Parathormon
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Glandula Parathyreoidea
• Td masing-masing 1 psg:1. Gld. Parathyreoidea superior (diposterior apex gld.thyr)2. Gld. Parathyreoidea inferior (diposterior basis gld thyr0
• Vascularisasi: sesuai gld.thyreoidea, ttp tu. Dari a.thyreoidea sup.
• Innervasi & aliran Lymphe: ikut gld.thyreoidea
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Parathyroid Glands
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EPIPHYSE (=GLANDULA PINEALIS)
Bagian dari EPITHALAMUS (Struktur Syaraf)Terletak Intracranial, pada ujung posterior di linea
mediana DIENCEPHALONAda 1 (satu)FUNGSI :
o INHIBISI (menghambat) Aktifitas hormon dari Hypothalamus, Gld. Hypophyse, Gld. Parathyreoidea, Pancreas, Testis / Ovarium
o Pengaturan Pigmentasio Fotosensitif
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THYMUS 1(1)
Terletak :o Pada Mediastinum Superioro Tepat dibelakang Manubrium
Sternio Didepan pembuluh darah besar
jantungTerdiri dari 2 LobusPada orang dewasa Regressi pada
> 20 tahunProduksi hormon THYMOSIN
pengaturan Immunologis
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TESTIS
Anatomi TESTIS
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TESTIS
• Bentuk Ovoid agak gepeng, ± P x L x T = 4 x 2,5 X 3 cm• Bagian-bagiannya :
– Extremitas Superior– Extremitas Inferior– Margo anterior– Margo posterior terdapat mediastinum testis (terdapat rete testis)
• Letak - dalam cavum scroti
- Testis kiri lebih rendah daripada kanan
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TESTIS
• Struktur – Dibentuk oleh jaringan ikat TUNICA ALBUGINEA– Dibungkus oleh TUNICA VAGINALIS td Lamina Visceralis dan
Parietalis (diantaranya terdapat rongga)– Bagian dalamnya TUNICA VASCULOSA Lapisan pembuluh darah
• Dari mediastinum testis (pada margo posterior) keluar ductuli efferentes
• Di dorso cranial testis terdapat ujung FUNICULUS SPERMATICUS sehingga testis tergantung dalam cavum scroti
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TESTIS
• Testis dapat bergerak naik turun oleh kontraksi m.cremasterica pada Funiculus Spermaticus
• Pada rongga antara lamina visceralis + parietalis TUNICA VAGINALIS bisa terdapat :– cairan HYDROCELE– Darah HEMATOCELE
• CRYPTORCHISMUS Testis yg tidak turun ke scrotum,
bisa tertinggal/terletak : - cavum Abdominis
- cavum Pelvis
- canalis inguinalis
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OVARIUM
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OVARIUM
• Homolog dengan TESTIS pria
• Bentuk oval – gepeng; P x L x T = ± 4 x 2 x 1 cm
• Terletak pada FOSSA OVARICA dinding lat cavum pelvis
• Bagian-bagian :– Extremitas Superior + Inferior– Margo liber (ant) + mesovarica (post)– Facies lateralis + medialis– Hilus Ovarii
• FIKSASI :– Lig. Suspensorium Ovarica (pada Ext. Sup, ujung
cranial)– Lig. Ovarii Proprium (pada Ext. Inf, ujung caudal)– Mesovarium (pada Margo post)
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OVARIUM
• Ada 2 buah, memproduksi ovum sebulan sekali (14-45 th) dan hormon (estrogen & progesteron)
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Ovaries
Functions: 1. Ova production 2. Hormone production
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Hor. Pelepas
FSH dan LH
Estrogen
Progesteron
ENDOCRINE ASPECT
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How Hormones Work
–Basic action • The hormone combines with a
receptor, the new molecular structure causes cellular changes
–Hormones work in one of 2 ways• Activation of 2nd messengers – involves a cell
membrane receptor• Activation of genes – involves intracellular
receptors
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How Hormones Work
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The Hypothalamus
– Regulation of the endocrine system• Controls the adrenal medulla
– Adrenalin
• Releases hormones– Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)– Oxytocin
• Secretes substances that control the anterior pituitary gland
– Releasing factors– Inhibiting factors
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Hypothalamic Regulation
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Overview of the Endocrine System
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The Pituitary Gland
– Connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
– Master gland of the endocrine system– 2 parts
• Posterior pituitary– Nervous tissue– Axons carry the hormones to the posterior pituitary from
the hypothalamus
• Anterior pituitary– Glandular tissue– Capillaries supply the anterior pituitary from the
hypthalamus
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The Pituitary Gland
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Posterior Pituitary
– Cell bodies are in the hypothalamus• Make hormones
– Axons run down the infundibulum• Carry hormones to axon terminals• Axon terminals are in the posterior pituitary
– Store hormones
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Posterior Pituitary Hormones
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)– Target – kidneys– Effect – reabsorption of water
• Oxytocin – Targets – reproductive organs– Effects – contractions of smooth muscles (labor
contractions, milk ejection; ductus deferens, prostate gland – ejaculations)
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones
– Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates gametes• Targets – follicle cells (females), testes (males)• Effects – follicle development & estrogen secretion
(females), sperm maturation (males)
– Luteinizing hormone (LH)• Targets – follicle cells (females), cells of testes
(males)• Effects – ovulation, formation of corpus luteum,
secretion of progesterone (females), testosterone secretion (males)
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones
– Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)• Target – thyroid gland• Effect – triggers the release of thyroid hormones
– Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) • Target – adrenal cortex• Effect – cells that produce steroid hormones
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones
– Prolactin • Target - breast• Effect - stimulates milk production
– Growth hormone• Target – all cells • Effect - stimulates growth in general and the
skeletal system in particular
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Pituitary Hormones
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The Thyroid Gland– Location – inferior to larynx– Thyroid hormones include iodine in their
structure• Target cells – most cells• Effect of thyroid hormones – increase energy
utilization, oxygen consumption, growth, development
• Thyroid hormone release is controlled by TSH from the anterior pituitary
– Structure also includes cells that produce calcitonin (CT)• Targets – bone, kidneys• Effect of calcitonin – lowers blood calcium levels
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The Thyroid Gland
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The Parathyroid Glands
– Location – posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland
– Target cells – bone, kidneys, intestines – Effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) –
increases blood calcium levels
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The Parathyroid Glands
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The Thymus
– Location – posterior to the sternum– Produces hormones which enhance
lymphocyte production– Development
• Childhood – large• Puberty – largest• Adulthood – decreases in size
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The Thymus Gland
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The Adrenal Gland
– Location – on top of the kidney– Structure – outer cortex and inner medulla– Medulla
• Secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine• Target – most cells• Effect
– Epinephrine – increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, blood glucose; constricts blood vessels in skin, dilates blood vessels in skeletal & cardiac muscle
– Norepinephrine – increases cardiac activity, constricts most blood vessels
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The Adrenal Glands
– Adrenal cortex• Secretes aldosterone
– Target – kidneys– Effect – increases blood sodium levels, decreases blood
potassium levels
• Secretes steroid hormones (cortisol, corticosterone)
– Target – most cells– Effect – conserve blood glucose, anti-inflammatory
effects
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The Adrenal Glands
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The Adrenal Glands
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The Pancreas
– Location – below stomach– Its functions are both exocrine and endocrine– The endocrine cells are in the Islets of
Langerhans• Hormones
– Glucagon» Targets – liver, adipose tissues» Effect - increase blood sugar levels
• Insulin– Most cells
» Effect - decrease blood sugar levels
– Diabetes mellitis
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The Pancreas
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Islet of Langerhans
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Testes
– Secrete androgens (male sex hormones); testosterone is the most important• Target – most cells• Effects – maturation of sperm; protein synthesis in
skeletal muscle; male secondary sex characteristics & behaviors
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The Testes
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Seminiferous Tubules
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Seminiferous Tubule
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The Female Reproductive System
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Ovaries
–Three hormones– Estrogen
• Targets – most cells• Effects –maturation of follicle; female secondary sex
characteristics and behaviors
– Progesterone • Targets – uterus, mammary glands• Effects – prepare uterus for implantation and mammary
glands for secretion
– Relaxin• Targets – pubic symphysis, uterus, mammary glands• Effects – loosens pubic symphysis, relaxes cervical muscles
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Hormonal Regulation of the Female
Reproductive System
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The Pineal Gland
– Location = epithalamus– Cells secrete melatonin
• Derived from the neurotransmitter seratonin• Light inhibits production
– Regulates circadian rythms
• Target – hypothalamus
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Endocrine Disorders