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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Sustainable Surface Water Management in Cities
Professor Chris Jefferies
Urban Water Technology Centre
University of Abertay, Dundee
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Sustainable Water Management in Cities
1. Drivers
2. Implementation – Timeline
3. Implementation – examples of good and bad practice
4. Performance assessment with university collaboration
5. Implements for encouraging SUDS
6. Concluding Remarks
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
SUDS Drivers in Cities
• Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh City – dying fish.
• China – Wuhan – polluted lakes and loss of fish.
• Brazil - Belo Horizonte – flooding and community.
• USA – Austin Texas – Long term community interest.
• Germany – Berlin – quality of water for swimming in lakes.
• Colombia – Bogota – wetland and species conservation
• Scotland – Dundee – protection of environmental quality.
Many cities worldwide are investing in sustainable drainage. Each has a different justification (driver)
Section 1
Basin in Ho Chi Minh City to preserve lake water quality
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
SUDS Drivers in Cities
• Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh City – dying fish.
• China – Wuhan – polluted lakes and loss of fish.
• Brazil - Belo Horizonte – flooding and community.
• USA – Austin Texas – Long term community interest.
• Germany – Berlin – quality of water for swimming in lakes.
• Colombia – Bogota – wetland and species conservation
• Scotland – Dundee – protection of environmental quality.
Many cities worldwide are investing in sustainable drainage. Each has a different justification (driver)
Wuhan - Infiltration and irrigation garden in high density housing. This area has a very high water table level
Down pipes from roofDisconnected
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
SUDS Drivers in Cities
• Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh City – dying fish.
• China – Wuhan – polluted lakes and loss of fish.
• Brazil - Belo Horizonte – flooding and community.
• USA – Austin Texas – Long term community interest.
• Germany – Berlin – quality of water for swimming in lakes.
• Colombia – Bogota – wetland and species conservation
• Scotland – Dundee – protection of environmental quality.
Many cities worldwide are investing in sustainable drainage. Each has a different justification (driver)
Belo Horizonte - Flood attenuation pond in park
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
SUDS Drivers in Cities
• Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh City – dying fish.
• China – Wuhan – polluted lakes and loss of fish.
• Brazil - Belo Horizonte – flooding and community.
• USA – Austin Texas – Long term community interest.
• Germany – Berlin – quality of water for swimming in lakes.
• Colombia – Bogota – wetland and species conservation.
• Scotland – Dundee – protection of environmental quality.
Many cities worldwide are investing in sustainable drainage. Each has a different justification (driver)
Austin filters – very expensive protection of groundwater
Barton springs – highly valued – must be protected
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
SUDS Drivers in Cities
• Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh City – dying fish.
• China – Wuhan – polluted lakes and loss of fish.
• Brazil - Belo Horizonte – flooding and community.
• USA – Austin Texas – Long term community interest.
• Germany – Berlin – quality of water for swimming in lakes.
• Colombia – Bogota – wetland and species conservation.
• Scotland – Dundee – protection of environmental quality.
Many cities worldwide are investing in sustainable drainage. Each has a different justification (driver)
Berlin – street
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
SUDS Drivers in Cities
• Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh City – dying fish.
• China – Wuhan – polluted lakes and loss of fish.
• Brazil - Belo Horizonte – flooding and community.
• USA – Austin Texas – Long term community interest.
• Germany – Berlin – quality of water for swimming in lakes.
• Colombia – Bogota – wetland and species conservation.
• Scotland – Dundee – protection of environmental quality.
Many cities worldwide are investing in sustainable drainage. Each has a different justification (driver)
Bogota – wetland (Humedal)
Bogota – treatment SUDS protecting wetland
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
SUDS Drivers in Cities
• Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh City – dying fish.
• China – Wuhan – polluted lakes and loss of fish.
• Brazil - Belo Horizonte – flooding and community.
• USA – Austin Texas – Long term community interest.
• Germany – Berlin – quality of water for swimming in lakes.
• Colombia – Bogota – wetland and species conservation.
• Scotland – Dundee – protection of environmental quality.
Many cities worldwide are investing in sustainable drainage. Each has a different justification (driver)
Caption text
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Implementation of SUDS in UK• 1997-8 Policy developed in Scotland.
• 2003 EU Water Framework Directive legislation.
• 2006 SUDS Required in all new developments.
• 2006 SUDS Design Manual.
• 2006 Scottish Water Technical Regulations released.
• 2010 SUDS being adopted by Scottish Water.
• 2010 Legislation in England.
• 2010 SUDS for Roads Manual (Scotland).
• 2011 SUDS used in all of UK.
Section 2
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
SUDS Numbers• Uptake was rapid in Scotland;
– 1997 – 79 systems; 2001 – 767 sites; 2004 – all new developments.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
P P
avi
ng
So
aka
way
s
Infil
tra
tion
Tre
nche
s
Filt
erD
rain
s
Sw
ale
s
Bas
ins
Po
nds
Wet
land
s
2001 Data
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
SUDS Numbers• Uptake was rapid in Scotland;
– 1997 – 79 systems; 2001 – 767 sites; 2004 – all new developments.
S UDS s ites in S cotland by date, where known (01/01/2002)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Jan-
95
Jan -
96
Jan -
97
Jan -
98
Jan -
99
Jan -
00
Jan -
01
Jan -
02
Jan -
03
Jan -
04
Jan -
05
Jan -
06
Jan -
07
Jan -
08
Jan -
09
Date
Nu
mb
er
of
SU
DS
site
s
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Implementation - Examples
Next I will discuss three categories of SUDS in Scotland
• Early sites in Scotland which had some problems.
• DEX – a nationally significant showcase site.
• Dundee – an alternative approach.
Section 3
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
There were some early implementation disasters
January 1998
September 1998 February 1999
Poor site management without sediment control
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
There were some early wrong solutions
Surface water system with discharge consentand underground filter system
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
And some over-enthusiasm not popular with residents
1999
2003
Pond serving 20 houses, later converted to a detention basin
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Dunfermline Eastern Expansion Area (DEX)
• Wilcon Homes (Scotland) Lead developer – now part of Taylor
Woodrow.
• Major mixed use development totalling 354 Hectares.
• Periphery of one of Scotland’s ancient burghs.
• Ageing sewerage and stressed watercourses.
• Regional SUDS strategy was adopted.
• Seven retention ponds, many detention basins, swales, filter
drains and porous surfaces.
• The Treatment Train Concept was guiding principle
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
The middle of the development in 2004
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Progressive development at DEX
WetlandSuperstore
Ponds199720002008
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
The sub – networks are designed as conventional systems
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Conventional systems collectively drain to the SUDS ponds
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Treatment Train starts with permeable paving
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Treatment Train starts with permeable paving
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Treatment Train includes detention basins
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Treatment Train ends with a pond
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
SUDS at DEX has required different specialists to collaborate. Detention basin in a roundabout.
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Dundee has adopted the philosophy that the water must be visible as much as possible
Conveyance Swale
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Dundee has adopted the philosophy that the water must be visible as much as possible
Roadside Swales
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Performance assessmentUndertaken with the collaboration of four universities
• Hydrological – predictable performance– Reduction of percentage runoff– Attenuation of peak flows– Reduction of flow volumes
• Water Quality – surprisingly good performance– Reduction of peak concentrations– Good pond outlet qualities– Source control systems particularly effective
• Social Acceptability– Seen as positive– Fewer barriers than initially feared.
Section 4
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Hydrological BehaviourTypical Hydrograph at a pond
High peak, low volume 55% reduction;
Low peak, large volume 39% reduction
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Field study of soil in a basinContaminant concentration in two soil layers
TPH TPH
Copper Copper
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Field study results in a highway basinContaminant concentration in two soil layers
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Field study results in a highway basin
Contaminant concentration in two soil layers
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Water Quality at Linburn PondLinburn pond: TSS (mg/l) at inlets (11/4/02 @ 16:35 to 11/4/02 @ 21:55)
0
80
160
240
320
11/04/0216:35
11/04/0217:18
11/04/0218:01
11/04/0218:44
11/04/0219:27
11/04/0220:11
11/04/0220:54
11/04/0221:37
con
c (m
g/l)
NE TSS(mg/l) N1A TSS l(mg/l) N1B TSS (mg/l) E TSS (mg/l)
Linburn pond: TSS concentrations and flows at outlet (11/04/02 @ 05:25 to 06/05/02 @ 13:00)
0
20
40
60
11/04/0205:25
15/04/0205:25
19/04/0205:25
23/04/0205:25
27/04/0205:25
01/05/0205:25
05/05/0205:25
TSS
(m
g/l)
0
200
400
600
flo
w (
l/s)
TSS (mg/l) flow (l/s)
Pollutant BudgetVery difficult due to number of inflows and duration of study needed.
Monitoring results - Linburn Pond inflow TSS
Monitoring results - Linburn Pond outflow TSS
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Water Quality at Halbeath Pond
Inlet Quality Outlet Quality
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Social - Perceived Advantages
Perception of SUDS
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
1
Perceived advantages of SUD ponds
Per
cent
age
of r
epso
nses
Attracts w ildlife
Adds to the aesthetic value of thearea
Recreation/Amenity facilities
Pet w alking area
Avoidance of f loods
Creation of a new habitat
None
Educational for children
Re-establishes the lost contactw ith nature
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
19.6%
18.5%
17.5%
15.2%
10.8%
6.8%
4.0%
3.8%
2.2%
1.1%0.5%
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
18.0%
20.0%
Perc
enta
ges
of r
esp
onse
s
1
Barriers as indicated by professionals
Barriers to SUDS application
Adoption of maintenance
Developers & Plannersreluctance to apply SUDS
Landtake
Not enough knowledge,training & experience amongstSUDS specialistsWater authorities reluctance toaccept SUDS
Cost
Public perception & publiceducation
Safety
Bad practice examples
Improper planning &landscaping
Increased rainfall due toClimate Change
Social – Barriers to SUDS
Safety
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Results from monitoring - Adoption Issues
• Management train which reinforces and follows the natural pattern of drainage should be used where possible.
• Desilting is required 2 months prior to vesting.
• Preference will be detention ponds, then detention basins and finally underground storage.
• For most applications, detention ponds (1xVt) will be used. Only where there are more risks of pollution will retention ponds (4xVt) be used.
• SUDS will normally only be adopted after the development has been completed and all properties connected.
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Results from monitoring - Sedimentation
• Sediment problems found from construction phase runoff.
• Most filter drains and infiltration trenches were affected by
construction sediment.
• Long term sedimentation rates very slow, particularly where
there is a treatment train.
• There is little sedimentation where the contributing catchment
is fully developed.
• It is very unlikely that SUDS sediment from non-industrial
locations will become badly contaminated.
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Detention basins remove sediment effectively
Oct 1999 Dec 2001
Oct 2000 Feb 2002
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Will sediment be contaminated?This basin serves highway in USA with 300,000 vehs. per day
No perceived contaminated sediment problem.
UK requires a
different
approach but
still the
sediments are
not
contaminated
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Maintenance and costs
• Much maintenance is carried out is to keep up a good appearance.
• Maintenance roles have not been clarified – neither in England or in Scotland.
• Asset and maintenance costs are principal concern.
• Whole life Costing tool under development by HRWallingford.
• Scottish Water will be adopting joint detention basins and ponds from a date yet to be set under strict conditions.
• They must be designed & detailed to ‘Sewers for Scotland’ –which is at consultation stage.
• Outlet detailing and treatment train is the key.
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
DEX Maintenance Activities
DEX Ponds Maintenance Activities
Litter Picking27%
Pruning / Trimming
10%
Grass Cutting13%
Weeding22%
Fence / Sign Erection
Aquatic Plant Aftercare
4%
Algae Removal / Straw Bales
6%
Inspection8%
In/Out Maintenance
2%
Filter Drain Maintenance
2%
Silt Removal2%
Grass Cutting Costs 1999 - 2003
Halbeath28%
Pond 719%
Linburn10%
Pond 613%
Wetland30%
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
DEX Maintenance Activities
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Frequency of Maintenance Activities for a Pond (Months). Similar data will be available from UKWIR soon
Low Medium HighRoutine MaintenanceInspection, Reporting & Information Management
36 6 1
Litter / minor debris removal 12 1 .25Grass Cutting 36+ 12 4Pruning Nil 3 1Weeding beside Retention Ponds 36+ 12 4Silt Removal 24 12 6Algae Removal in first five years 6 4 2Aquatic Vegetation Management 120 48 12Corrective MaintenanceIntermittent Facility Maintenance (Excluding Sediment Removal)
Varies Varies Varies
Sediment Dewatering & Removal for Retention Ponds: Main Pool
600 300 120
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Outcomes of performance assessment
• Confidence about which SUDS work in the local conditions.
• Design parameters applicable for local conditions.
• Identification of many operation and maintenance issues.
• A clear understanding of ownership issues.
• Young graduates who were knowledgeable about SUDS.
• Well documented showcase examples of SUDS developed.
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Implements for encouraging SUDS
I will finally address some different organisational benefits for
SUDS. Examples from;
• Emschergenossenschaft, Germany – financial instrument
• Glasgow, Scotland – Strong multi-stakeholder partnership.
• Water Vision Documents – from Netherlands.
Section 5
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Emschergenossenschaft Fee concept
• Emschergenossenschaft is a main drainage authority in
Germany
• Local streams are very polluted due to discharge of excess
surface water.
• Land is low lying and there were high pumping costs.
• Reduction in connection fee for disconnecting surface water
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Disconnection fee diagram (EG)
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Emschergenossenschaft Fee concept
Housing companies now look for ways to disconnect.
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Glasgow – a partnership approach to SUDS
• Glasgow is a major urban area in Scotland.
• Approximately 200 unsatisfactory combined sewer overflows.
• Chronic water pollution in receiving main river.
• $Billions - cost of implementing conventional solutions.
• Below ground solutions cannot be implemented without above
ground solutions.
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Glasgow – a partnership approach to SUDS
• Joint implementation of above/ below ground solutions
• Formal partnership formed to underpin drainage solutions
MGSDP (Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage
Partnership).
• Partnership includes;
– Four local municipalities.
– Scottish Water Company.
– Environmental Regulator.
– Major development organisations (with public finance).
– NGOs.
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Water Visionfor Johnstone 2007
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
The Water Vision: Assisting Water and Planning
• A document to raise awareness to ALL Stakeholders.
• It shows options how Johnstone’s stressed watercourses might
be improved.
• It is a co-ordinated vision that can be put into practice.
• It shows Stakeholders where they ‘fit in’ to the bigger picture &
help with choosing solutions that benefit all
• Opportunity to establish a Common Goal.
• It helps co-ordinate resources for cost effective solutions.
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Chris Jefferies, University of Abertay Dundee, ScotlandSustainable Cities Forum 3rd June 2010
Thank You
Sustainable Surface Water Management in Cities