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Skeletal System
Sports Training and PhysiologyKociuba
http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?lic=1&article_set=59294&cat_id=20607
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Skeletal System - Objectives
• Name the parts of the skeletal system• Describe their function • Name the major bone shapes• Name and describe the 2 patterns of bone
formation• Describe the process of bone repair• Discuss age related issues with the
skeletal system
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Skeletal System – Objectives 2
• Define general anatomic terms for various bone features
• List the bones in the body• Define and explain how joints are named
and classified• Define and demonstrate the types of
movement at the joints in the body• Discuss age related issues with joints
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Functions of the Skeletal System
• Support– Carries weight– Cartilage– Ligaments
• Protection– organs
• Movement– Muscles attach to
bones that cause movement
• Storage– Minerals– Fat
• Blood cell production– Red bone marrow to
produce blood cells and platelets
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Bone Shapes• Long Bones
– Longer than they are wide
• Short Bones– As wide as they are
long
• Flat Bones– Relatively thin flatten
shape and are curved• Irregular Bones
– Have shapes that don’t fit into the other categories
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2 patterns of bone formation
• Intramembranous Ossification– The formation of a
bone within a connective tissue membrane
– EX: When babies skull forms around the brain
• Endochondral Ossification– The formation of bone
within cartilage– EX: most of the
remaining skeleton is formed this way
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Bone Repair
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Bone Repair
1. Hematoma formation: clotting of the blood vessels that were broken
2. Callus formation: a mass of tissue that forms at a fracture site
3. Callus ossification: the tissues turn into spongy bone
4. Bone remodeling: the tissues then turn into compact bone and the blood vessels are reconnected
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Bones and Aging
• Bones turn brittle• Bone mass is at it’s highest at about the
age of 30• Men generally have denser bones than
women because of testosterone • Menopause increases age related bone
loss
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Skeleton
• Axial Skeleton– Upright axis of the
body– Protects the brain,
spinal cord, and the vital organs housed within the thorax
• Appendicular Skeleton– Upper and lower limbs
and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton
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Human Skeleton
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Joints or Articulations
A place where two or more bones come together.
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Types of Joints
• Fibrous Joints– Two bones that are
united by fibrous connective tissue, have no joint cavity, and exhibit little or no movement
• Cartilaginous Joints– Two bones united by
hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
• Synovial Joints– Freely movable joints– Contain synovial fluid– Have a joint cavity– Mostly found in the
appendicular skeleton– Either uniaxial, biaxial,
or multiaxial
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3 Types of Joints Found in the Body
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6 Types of Synovial Joints
• Plane Joints a.k.a.: Gliding Joints• Pivot Joints• Hinge Joints• Ball-and-Socket Joints• Ellipsoid Joints a.k.a.: Conyloid Joints• Saddle Joints
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6 Synovial Joints
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Types of Joint Movement
• Gliding Movement• Angular Movement
– Flexion and Extension– Abduction and
Adduction• Circular Movement
– Rotation– Pronation and
Supination – Circumduction
• Special Movements– Elevation and
Depression– Protraction and
Retraction – Excursion– Opposition and
Reposition– Inversion and Eversion
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Aging on the Joints
• Replacement of cartilage slows• Production of synovial fluid declines• Arthritis
– Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)– Osteoarthritis or Degenerative Arthritis (OA)