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SLEEP, LUNG FUNCTION AND EXERCISE
Adrian H Kendrick, PhD
Sleep Breathing Disorders Service
Department of Respiratory Medicine
University Hospitals, Bristol, UK
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NORMAL SLEEP
& what disturbs it!
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WHAT IS SLEEP?
Sleep is -
➢ A reversible state of perceptual disengagement from and unresponsiveness to the environment
➢ A complex mix of physiological and behavioural processes
➢ Usually, but not always accompanied by postural recumbency, closed eyes etc
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NORMAL SLEEP
Non-Dreaming sleep (NREM)
➢ Normal sleep length varies from individual
to individual
➢ Accounts for 75% of the night
➢ About 25% of sleep is “deep” (N3) sleep
➢ Required for normal daily functioning
➢ Observed in the early part of the nights
sleep
-
Dreaming Sleep (REM)
➢ Accounts for about 25% of a normal sleep
pattern
➢ Cycles every 90 to 120 mins
➢ Increases in duration during the night
➢ Results in relaxed muscles during the
night - prevents you acting out your
dreams!
➢ Not essential for normal daily functioning
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SLEEP DISTURBANCES - CAUSES
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EFFECTS OF SLEEP DISTURBANCE
▪ Daytime drowsiness
▪ Micro sleeps
▪ Sleep seizures
▪ Mood shifts
▪ Stress / Anxiety
▪ Lethargy
▪ Reduced productivity
▪ Reduced concentration
▪ Reduced short-term memory
▪ Reduced creativity
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RETT SYNDROME
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BREATHING WHEN ASLEEP
➢ May be normal during sleep, but stopping breathing (apnoea)
is observed in many patients
➢ Shallow breathing, breath-holding and central apnoeas may
lead to severe hypoxia, which may lead to seizures
Rett syndrome – National Best Practice 2013
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IMPAIRED SLEEP
➢ Night Terrors
➢ Inappropriate laughing and jerking
➢ Initiating sleep may be difficult due to -
❖ Seizures
❖ Irregular breathing
❖ General restlessness
Rett syndrome – National Best Practice 2013
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ASSESSMENT
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EVENTS AND SYMPTOMS
Sleep-wake patterns
Day-time
activities
and symptoms
Pre-sleep
activities and
symptoms
Events during
sleep
Events on
awakening
SLEEP
12:00 00:00 12:00
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ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
• Good clinical history – parents and carers are key here
• Bring video recordings of patient awake and sleep to show their breathing
• Overnight oximetry as baseline study
• Limited or Full Polysomnography• Limited - Assesses breathing patterns, leg movements
• Full - Sleep and Breathing etc
• Actigraph Studies • Continuous 24/7 recordings of daytime activity and night-time sleep
over a period of time under everyday conditions
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SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT
Sleep history➢ Sleepiness and/or snoring
➢ Situations patient feels sleepy in and falls asleep in
➢ Sleep initiation
➢ Refreshing sleep? – Daytime functioning
➢ Medications
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EPWORTH SLEEPINESS SCORE
Situation Chance of Dozing
Sitting and Reading
Watching TV
Sitting Inactive in a public place (theatre or meeting)
As a passenger in a car for an hour without a break
Lying down to rest in the afternoon when circumstances
permit
Sitting and talking to someone
Sitting quietly after lunch without alcohol
In a car, while stopped for a few minutes in the traffic
Score –
0 for no chance
1 for slight chance
2 for moderate chance
3 for high chance
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EPWORTH SLEEPINESS SCORE
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PULSE OXIMETRY
➢ Non-invasive method to assess sleep-breathing issues
➢ Measures pulse (heart) rate and oxygen saturation
➢ Provides a simple screening tool for oxygen levels
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OVERNIGHT SLEEP STUDY
Oxygen
Levels
Heart
Rate
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OVERNIGHT SLEEP STUDIES
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RECORDING
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REM RELATED ISSUES
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ACTIGRAPHY
➢ Simple, easy to use wrist mounted device
➢ Monitors activity and may take into account light patterns etc.
➢ Allows monitoring of activity over 22 – 30 days continuously
➢ Software allows assessment of daytime activity, nap periods and sleep
➢ Reviews sleep-wake patterns and activity during periods of sleep
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ACTIGRAPHY
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LUNG IMAGING
• CT scans provide good images of lung structure
• Changes in lung structure may be reflected in the ability to exchange gas from the lungs to the blood
• Damage to lungs in younger patients may affect breathing in later life
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FLYING
• Patients with known lung problems may have problems flying as blood oxygen may fall during flight
• In the plane at cruising altitude, less oxygen than when on the tarmac
• Simple test breathing 15% oxygen will suggest whether oxygen in-flight is needed to complete the journey
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TREATMENT
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TREATMENT
➢ Depends on assessment outcome
➢ Discussion of options between clinical team and patient/carer
➢ Viability of treatment
➢ Ability of patient and carer to manage treatment at home
➢ May include –➢ Drug therapy
➢ CPAP
➢ Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV)
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TREATMENT – CPAP OR NIV
• Controls breathing problems when asleep
• Improves quality of sleep overall, leading to
improvements in daytime functioning
• Sophisticated devices now allow more precise
control of breathing patterns
• Modem technology allows assessment of usage
and can be linked to oximetry data
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Pre + Post CPAP
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CPAP OR NIV
➢ Treatment helps to stabilize the breathing at night
➢ Reduces the numbers of apnoeas (obstructive and central) occurring
➢ Better controls carbon dioxide and oxygen levels
➢ May reduce observed seizures in some patients
➢ Increases quality of sleep
➢ Should improve daytime functioning
➢ Less moody, less grumpiness – happier overall!
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REBREATHING MASK
➢Better controls hyperventilation by
increasing dead-space breathing,
raising PCO2
➢May reduce “seizures” by
maintaining raised PCO2 and
reducing decreases in PO2
➢Appears to be tolerated
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LUNG FUNCTION & EXERCISE
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LUNG IMAGING
Lung high-resolution CT imaging features of respiratory bronchiolitis-associated
interstitial lung disease in patients with Rett syndrome. Peribronchial wall thickening
(A), centrilobular nodules (B), GGOs (C, D, and E), and bronchiolectasis (F) are shown.
GGOs = ground-glass opacities.
Claudio De Felice et al (2010)
• Assessed lung pathology using HRCT (n = 27)
• 15/27 patients had abnormal images
• The implications of these results need further investigation
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LUNG GAS EXCHANGE?
Claudio De Felice et al (2014)
• Assessed gas exchange using a complex model.
• 81% (n = 228) had gas exchange issues
• Observed 4 variations of breathing (V) to blood flow (Q) -
• A – Low V/Q (35%)
• B – High V/Q (40%)
• C – Mixed V/Q (20%)
• D – Simple Mismatch (5%)
A B
C D
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EXERCISE
• Exercise is a key component of everyday fitness
• Daily physical activity aimed at people with disabilities has gained increasing popularity, except for people with Rett syndrome who are still not fully included in this exercise
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RETT & TREADMILL USE
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RETT & TREADMILL USE
• Participants with Rett syndrome reacted in the same manner as the healthy controls when walking on a treadmill continuously at individual’s maximum sustainable speed for up to six minutes
• There is no reason to exclude persons with Rett syndrome from reasonably self-tailored physical activities
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FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY
• This is key in determining preoperative risk
• Metabolic equivalents (METs) where –
1 MET = basal metabolic rate = 3.5 mL/min/kg
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BENEFITS OF EXERCISE
• Improved conditioning allows individuals to be healthier overall
• Improvement in quality of life status
• Helps maintain weight at an appropriate level for individual
• Pre-operative fitness for surgery is important for post-operative management and outcomes
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SUMMARY
• A high proportion of RTT patients have significantly disturbed
breathing patterns in the daytime and during the night
• Night-time disturbance may have a significant impact on sleep
quality resulting in poor quality daytime functioning
• Patients should at least undergo full video-polysomnography and
daytime monitoring of breathing patterns
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SUMMARY
• Understanding of the respiratory status of an individual patient, in
terms of breathing and gas exchange measurements is essential
in directing the optimal treatment using non-pharmacological
methodology
• Increasing use of regular exercise should improve overall fitness
and hence quality of life and may reduce risks of surgery
• A multidisciplinary approach will help in assessing and managing
the complexities Rett patients
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THANK YOU