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Slide #1
16 Global Climate ChangeC
HA
PT
ER
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Slide #2
Rising Seas May Flood the Maldive Islands
• Sea levels are rising worldwide.
• Scientists link this to global climate change.
•Global climate change threatens the Maldives, a group of islands in the Indian Ocean, with flooding, severe storms, erosion, and saltwater contamination.
Talk About It Why are rising sea levels a concern for all
people, not just those who live on the Maldives Islands?
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Slide #3
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Without greenhouse gases, Earth
would be too cold to support life.
What is the difference
between climate and
weather?
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Slide #4
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate -- Objectives
1. Describe factors that affect how the sun warms the Earth
2. Discuss the role of wind patterns in determining climate
3. Explain how the oceans affect climate
4. Describe how climate is affected by topography,
volcanoes, regional vegetation, and periodic changes in
Earth’s orbit
Vocabulary: greenhouse effect greenhouse gas
thermohaline ciruclation
El Nino topography
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Slide #5
a) The Greenhouse Effect
• A natural process in which greenhouse gases absorb heat and release it slowly back into the atmosphere
• Greenhouse gases do not trap* energy that has been converted to heat at Earth’s surface.
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
* Did You Know? Greenhouse
gases absorb heat and release it slowly, while an actual greenhouse traps warm air inside a structure.
Three factors have more
influence on Earth’s
climate than all others…
1) The Sun causes…
* instead the heat is released slowly,
acting more like a blanket than a
greenhouse
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Slide #6
b) The Effect of Latitude on heating the earth
• Latitude is a measure of
a place’s distance from
the equator.
• In general, the greater
the latitude, the cooler a
location’s overall climate
will be.
• The seasons are also
caused by the changing
angles at which sunlight
strikes Earth.
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic ClimateThree factors have more influence on Earth’s climate than all
others… 1) The Sun causes…
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Slide #7
c) The Effect of Sunspot Cycle on heating the earth• The more sunspots there
are on the sun’s surface,
the more energy it emits.
• 11 year cycle
• Probably not a major nor
long-term effect on
climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic ClimateThree factors have more influence on Earth’s climate than all
others… 1) The Sun causes…
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Slide #8
POP QUIZ: Use your notes to describe factors that affect how the sun warms the Earth
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
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Slide #9
2) Wind• Caused by convection currents
resulting from rising warm air and falling cool air
• Transports moisture and heat
• Global wind patterns move warm air away from equator, toward poles.
• Cold air moves from poles toward equator.
• Winds pick up moisture and can carry it for long distancesuntil it falls as precipitation.
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic ClimateThree factors have more
influence on Earth’s climate
than all others…
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Slide #10
3) The Oceans
• Ocean currents, which are caused by a combination of unequal heating of water and unequal salinity*, affect climate by transporting heat.
• El Niño and La Niña are disruptions to normal climate patterns caused by variations in the typical interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere.
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
Did You Know? The ocean absorbs a lot of carbon dioxide, causing a global cooling effect. The ocean can hold 50 times more CO2 than is found in the atmosphere.
Three factors have more
influence on Earth’s climate
than all others…
* = thermohaline
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Slide #11
Other Factors That Affect Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
1 Topography: Higher altitudes have cooler temperatures; mountain ranges affect rainfall patterns.
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Slide #12
Other Factors That Affect Climate
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate
2 Volcanoes: Gases and particles can temporarily block sunlight, causing air to cool.
3 Vegetation: Plant life promotes cloud formation and absorbs carbon dioxide.
4 Earth’s orbit: Changes in Earth’s orbit and the tilt of Earth’s axis affect the distribution of solar radiation.
Did You Know? Ice ages are at least partially
caused by changes in Earth’s orbit and axis.
Mount St. Helens
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Slide #13
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate – Recap
Discuss with your tablemate and find
evidence from your textbook to support these
statements:
Lesson 1 = The oceans influence Earth’s
climate
Central Case = Earth’s climates influences
the oceans
Be ready to share
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Slide #14
Lesson 16.1 Our Dynamic Climate – Recap
1. Describe factors that affect how the sun warms the Earth
2. Discuss the role of wind patterns in determining climate
3. Explain how the oceans affect climate
4. Describe how climate is affected by topography,
volcanoes, regional vegetation, and periodic changes in
Earth’s orbit
Vocabulary: greenhouse effect greenhouse gas
thermohaline circulation
El Nino topography
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Slide #15
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
According to NASA’s Goddard Institute
for Space Studies, 2009 tied for second
warmest year on record, just behind
2005. The decade spanning 2000–2009
was the warmest on record.
Global climate change even made the
morning the TV shows
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Slide #16
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change -- Objectives
1.Identify evidence of global warming.
2.Explain three methods used to study
climate change.
3.State the probable cause of global
climate change.
Vocab: global climate change global warming
proxy indicator climate model
fossil fuel
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Slide #17
Evidence of a Warming Earth
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
•Rising global surface temperatures
•Changes in precipitation patterns
•Melting ice (glaciers, polar ice)
•Rising sea level (Maldives)
Both photos show
Sperry Glacier in
Montana’s Glacier
National Park.
Top: 1913:
Bottom: 2008
Did You Know? Since 1986, the Larsen Ice Shelf near Antarctica has lost an area more than 3 times the size of Rhode Island.
0.74ºC (1.33ºF) from 1906 - 2005
1850—150; 2012—26
Warm water expands, melting ice adds water
complex
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Slide #18Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Both photos show Sperry Glacier
in Montana’s Glacier National
Park.
Top: 1913:
Bottom: 2008
Did You Know? Since 1986, the Larsen Ice Shelf near Antarctica has lost an area more than 3 times the size of Rhode Island.
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Slide #19
Maldives Islands
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Slide #20
Studying Climate Change
•Direct measurement is used to
study today’s climate.
• Proxy indicators, such as
patterns in tree rings, give clues
about past climates.
•Models are used to make
predictions about future
climates.
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change
Cross-section of a tree trunk
Proxies = ice, pollen in
sediments, tree ringsComplex, like the
global climate –
atmosphere and ocean
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Slide #21
Finding the Cause of Climate ChangeLesson 16.2 Climate Change
• According to studies, increases in greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate change.
• The increase in greenhouse gases is mainly due to burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use (cutting forests)
Charles Keeling, Mauna
Loa Observatory, Hawaii
1958 = 315 ppm CO2
2009 = 387 ppm CO2
May, 2013 = 400 ppm CO2
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Slide #22
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change -- Recap
Working with your tablemate, use your
textbook and find the answers to these
questions:
1. Give 2 reasons why increasing
temperatures cause sea levels to rise
2.How can this affect the Maldives
Islands of the Central Case?
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Slide #23
Lesson 16.2 Climate Change -- Recap
1.Identify evidence of global warming.
2.Explain three methods used to study
climate change.
3.State the probable cause of global
climate change.
Vocab: global climate change global warming
proxy indicator climate model
fossil fuel
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Slide #24
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
In 2003, a severe
heat wave in
Europe killed
35,000 people.
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Slide #25
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Objectives
1. State ways in which the warming atmosphere
affects ecosystems and organisms.
2. Explain how climate change is affecting people
now.
3. Predict future effects of climate change on
people.
Vocabulary: coral bleaching
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Slide #26
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Recap
Effects of
Climate
Change on
Living Things
Complete this scatter chart
example
example
example
example
example
detail
detail
detail
detail
detail
Ch 16-3
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Slide #27
Effects on Organisms
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
• Habitats shift, usually toward the poles or to higher altitudes.
Did You Know? Robins arrive on a Colorado mountaintop about 2 weeks earlier than they did in 1970.
Migrating sandhill cranes
• Migrations start earlier in
the spring.
• Problems Obtaining Food
• Loss of ice makes
hunting seals difficult for
polar bears.
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Slide #28
Effects of a Changing Ocean
• An increase in ocean
temperature is associated
with a process called coral
bleaching, in which
zooxanthellae algae living
within corals die. Without the
algae, coral cannot survive.
•Changes in ocean acidity,
resulting from an increase
in dissolved carbon dioxide,
can harm organisms.
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
The color of healthy brain coral comes from algae.
When the algae die, as above, coral bleaching
occurs.
H2O + CO2 H2CO3
Carbonic acid; increases acidity; lower pH;
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Slide #29
pH Scale
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
H2O + CO2 H2CO3
Carbonic acid; increases acidity; lower pH;
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Slide #30
Current Effects of Global Climate Change
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
•Agriculture and forestry: Effects are complex.
• Can be positive: Lengthened growing season for some crops
• Can be negative: Droughts and forest fires; shortened growing season
• Economy: Decreased yields; increased property damage due to severe storms and climate conditions
•Human health: Extreme heat waves increasingly common, can cause heat stroke and death
Damage caused by Hurricane Katrina, in 2005
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Slide #31
Pictures from SuperStorm Sandy, 2010(property damage due to severe storms)
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
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Slide #32
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Slide #33
Future Effects of Climate Change
•Diseases: Warmer temperatures can promote spread of diseases transmitted from animals to people.
• Sea level: Low-lying populated coastal areas may flood as sea levels rise.
•Water supply: Saltwater contamination of aquifers resulting from rising sea levels and a decrease in glacial ice may threaten freshwater supplies.
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change
Did You Know? In the United States, 53% of the population lives in coastal areas.
Black-legged ticks, known
to spread Lyme disease
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Slide # 34
Bill Nye What if all the ice melted? (6 mins)
Bill Nye Climate Change Grief Nat Geo (45 mins)
6 Degrees PBS (60 mins +)
Watch this
video:
Bill Nye
explains
climate
change (4
mins)
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Slide #35
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-
warming/global-warming-solutions/
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Slide #36
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Recap
Effects of
Climate
Change on
Living Things
Complete this
scatter chart
CA Lilac
Polar
bears,
migrating
birds
Affects
corals &
other
ocean
organisms
Coral
bleaching
Robins
Shifting
habitats
Ocean
acidity
Problems
obtaining
food
Warmer
ocean
temperature
Changes
in
migration
times
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Slide #37
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Recap
Working with your tablemate, use your textbook to
answer these questions:
1. Give detailed examples of the effects of climate
change on the Maldives
2. What is predicted to be the future impact of
climate change on the Maldives?
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Slide #38
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Recap
answers:
> flooding
> severity of storms
>damage to reefs (protection and food)
>threats to drinking water supply (salt water incursion)
Future = uninhabitable
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Slide #39
Lesson 16.3 Effects of Climate Change -- Recap
1. State ways in which the warming atmosphere
affects ecosystems and organisms.
2. Explain how climate change is affecting people
now.
3. Predict future effects of climate change on
people.
Vocabulary: coral bleaching
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Slide #40
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Fossil fuel combustion generates
70% of the electricity used in the
United States.
Energy conserving light bulbs
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Slide #41
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change -- Objectives
Energy conserving light bulbs
1. List ways to reduce greenhouse gases related to the
use and generation electricity.
2. Describe some of the ways of reducing greenhouse
gases related to transportation
3. Describe other strategies for reducing greenhouse
gases.
4. Explain how nations are working together to try to
address climate changeVocab: carbon footprint carbon tax
carbon offset carbon sequestration
Kyoto Protocol
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Slide #42
Use and Production of Electricity
•Carbon footprint: The amount of carbon dioxide for which an individual or group is responsible
•Most electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels.
•Reducing electricity use reduces carbon footprints.
•Ways to reduce electricity use:
• Use energy-efficient technologies,
which lessen the electricity needed to
do a job.
• Reduce the use of electrical devices
and appliances.
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
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Slide #43
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Slide #44
Carbon Footprint
• Calculate your carbon footprint w/o an iPad
• Or try this link if you are using an iPad Don’t put your real birthday, and you have to select Holland Elementary School…
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Slide #45Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
http://myfootprint.org/en/qu
iz_results/
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Slide #46Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
http://www.nature.org/greenliving/carboncalculator/#
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Slide #47
http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/calculators/
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
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Slide #48Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Your footprint is 9.68 metric tons per
year
The average footprint for people in
United States is 20.40 metric tons
The average for the industrial nations is
about 11 metric tons
The average worldwide carbon footprint
is about 4 metric tons
The worldwide target to combat climate
change is 2 metric tons
http://www.carbonfootprint.com/calculat
or.aspx
http://coolclimate.berkeley.edu/carboncalculator
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Slide #49
Alternate Sources of Electricity• Alternative Sources of Electricity
•Nuclear power
• Solar power
•Wind power
•Hydroelectric power
•Geothermal power
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Wind turbines
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Slide #50
• Transportation is the second largest source of greenhouse
gas emissions in the United States, second only to electricity.
Advances in Vehicle Technology
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Energy Loss in a Car• Alternatives to fuel-only
cars include:
• Gasoline-electric
hybrid vehicles
• Vehicles that use
alternative fuels such as
compressed natural gas
• Vehicles that use
hydrogen fuel cells.
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Slide #51
Reducing Dependence on Cars• Biking, walking, and using public transportation are all
ways to reduce fossil fuel use.
•Many communities lack good public transportation.
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
Did You Know? The average
American family makes 10 trips by car
each day.
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Slide #52
Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases
•Agriculture / forestry: Reduce soil erosion and replace cut trees, to curb CO2 emissions
•Cap-and-Trade: System of emission allowances that can be sold or traded, gives companies incentive to reduce emissions
•Carbon tax: A tax per unit on emissions
•Carbon offsets: Instead of directly reducing emissions, companies can make a voluntary payment to a group that reduces or curbs greenhouse gases.
•Carbon sequestration: Technology is used to trap and store carbon dioxide emissions.
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
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Slide #53
Cooperation Among Nations• The Kyoto Protocol is a binding
international effort to reduce greenhouse gases to below 1990 levels.
• The United States did not sign the Kyoto Protocol.
• Many nations are planning to develop a new binding agreement to address global climate change some time in the future.
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change
The Kyoto Protocol required developed
nations to reduce emissions but did not
require the same of developing nations,
such as China and India, because
industrialized nations created the
current greenhouse gas problem so we
should take the lead in solving it. What
do you think of this?
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Slide #54
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change -- Recap
Energy conserving light bulbs
How might these groups respond to
global climate change?
Individual
•
•
Corporations
•
•
Governments
•
•
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Slide #55
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change -- Recap
Energy conserving light bulbs
How might these groups respond to
global climate change?
Individual
• ride bike
• energy conservation at home
• fuel efficient car
Corporations
• improve energy efficiency
• better farming practices
• Cap & Trade
Governments
• improve public transportation
• legislation(carbon tax)
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Slide #56
Lesson 16.4 Responding to Climate Change -- Recap
Energy conserving light bulbs
1. List ways to reduce greenhouse gases related to the
use and generation electricity.
2. Describe some of the ways of reducing greenhouse
gases related to transportation
3. Describe other strategies for reducing greenhouse
gases.
4. Explain how nations are working together to try to
address climate changeVocab: carbon footprint carbon tax
carbon offset carbon sequestration
Kyoto Protocol