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Smart Materials inSystem Sensing and Control
Dr. M. Sunar
Mechanical Engineering DepartmentKing Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
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INTRODUCTION
SMART MATERIALS
Definition
• Media where different fields interact in a distributed fashion
• These fields could be mechanical, thermalelectrical, magnetic and/or optical
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Example Phenomena
• Piezoelectricity: Mechanical
and Electrical Fields
• Magnetostriction: Mechanical
and Magnetic Fields
• Thermopiezoelectricity: Mechanical,
Thermal and Electrical Fields
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Smart Sensors
• Piezo Ceramic/Piezo Film (PZT, PVDF): Input is mechanical strain, output is electrical charge.
• Pyro Ceramic (PZT): Input is temperature gradient, output is electrical charge.
• Fiber Optic Strain Gauge: Input is mechanicalstrain, output is optical.
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Smart Actuators
• Piezo Ceramic/Piezo Film (PZT, PVDF): Input is electrical signal, output is mechanical strain.
• Magnetostrictive (Terfenol): Input is magnetic field, output is mechanical force/moment.
• Shape Memory (Nitinol): Input is electrical heating, output is mechanical strain.
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MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
Linear Theory of Thermo-Piezoelectro-Magnetism
(Mechanical, Thermal, Electrical and Magnetic Fields)
• Define a thermodynamic potential G as
G = G (S, E, B, ) =
1/2(STcS ETE + BT1B 2) STeE ETP ST ST B BTr BTbE
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where
S: vector of strain E: vector of electrical fieldB: vector of magnetic flux density : small temperature changec, , , , P, , e, r, b:constitutive coefficients
2
112
12
312
12
3
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Constitutive Equations of Thermo-Piezoelectro-Magnetism
T = cS eE B
D = eTS + E bTB P
H = TS bE 1B r
= TS + PTE rTB
where
/G,/G
,/G,/G
BH
EDST
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Differential Equations of Thermo-Piezoelectro-Magnetism
V ST
V S'E
TTV Sv
ST
V VT
dSdV)W(
dSHdVdSdV
dVdVdV)G(
nh
nAJA
PuPu sb
Define two energy functionals and
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where: entropy density
: absolute temperature
u: vector of mechanical displacement
Pb, Ps: vectors of body and surface forces
: electrical potential
v: volume charge density
: surface charge
W: heat source density
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A: vector of magnetic potential
J: vector of volume current density
h: vector of external heat flux
A: vector normal to the surface
HE`: matrix of external magnetic field intensity
K2
1 T
K: matrix of heat conduction coefficients
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Define Hamilton’s Principle as
0dt
and
0dt)Ki(
2
1
2
1
t
t
t
t
where
Ki = Kinetic Energy =
dt2
1 TV
uu
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Note the variation
G = ST T ET D + BT H
and the relations
AAB
AE
uS
A
u
L
L
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We obtain the following fundamental equations:
)EquationHeat(0W
)Equations'Maxwell(0
)Equations'Maxwell(0
Motion) of(Equation 0L
T
vT
Tu
q
JHD
D
PTu b
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FINITE ELEMENT METHODNote the following FE approximations
ue = Nu ui
e = N i
Ae = NA Ai
e = N i
where
N: shape function matrix
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Note that
iie AAAE AiAiee NN]N[
Se = Lu ue = [Lu Nu] ui = Bu ui
Be = LA Ae = [LA NA] Ai = BA Ai
iie B]N[
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Finite Element Equations
FA
uuu
K-K
-KKC M
uuA
uuuuAuu
GAuA KK K-K C- AuA
MAu
Au A
-KKK
- C- C C C-M
AAAAu
AAAAAuAA
QAuA K- C- C- C C- M AuA
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PIEZOELECTRICITYLinear Equations of Piezoelectricity (Mechanical and Electrical Fields)
T = cS eE
D = eTS + E
Finite Element Equations of Piezoelectricity
Fuu KK M uuuuu
Gu K-K u
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Piezoelectric Bimorph Finger
Poling Direction
Poling Direction
Piezoelectric Layer
Piezoelectric Layer
+V
-V
Finite Element Mesh
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Analytical Result
w(x) = 1.5 e31V/Y (x/h)2
where
e31: piezoelectric constant
Y: Young’s modulus
h: thickness of piezoelectric layer
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0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5x 10
-5
x
w
Tip Deflection (w) vs Horizontal Distance (x)
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Thermopiezoelectricity
Linear Equations of ThermoPiezoelectricity (Mechanical, Thermal and Electrical Fields)
T = cS eE
D = eTS + E P
= TS + PTE
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Finite Element Equations for Thermopiezoelectricity
Fuu K-KK M uuuuuu
Gu K K-K u
Qu K- C- C C- u
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MAGNETOSTRICTION
Linear Equations of Magnetostriction (Mechanical and Magnetic Fields)
T = cS B
H = TS 1B
Finite Element Equations of Magnetostriction
FAuuu KKC M uAuuuAuu
MAuAu A AAAuAAAuAA KK- C C-M
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Piezoelectro-Magnetic Composite Beam
Poling Direction
Magnetostrictive Layer
Piezoelectric Layer
-V
h
Finite Element Mesh
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Analytical Result
u3(x) = e31Vb (yn-h/4) / (2YmI) x2
where
b: depth of system
yn: distance of neutral axis from system’s bottom surface
Ym: Young’s modulus of elasticity for magnetoceramic
I: area moment of inertia of system about its neutral axis
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Analytical Method Finite Element Method
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2x 10
-6
x (m)
u3 (
m)
Tip Deflection (u3) vs Horizontal Distance (x)
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Magnetic Field H3 in A/m
for Magnetostrictive Layer
Analytical FEM
Top Surface 11.4411.42
Bottom Surface -21.99 -21.88
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APPLICATIONS
• Tactile/acceleration sensing and trajectory tracking of robotic manipulators
• Blade vibration measurement and control in turbo-machinery
• Noise control in acoustical systems• Damage detection in composites
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Sensors and actuators have load carrying capabilities.
Controller
smart material
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Smart Structures
Highly Integrated Sensors and Actuators
Composites, Electronics & Functions
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Instability Control
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.80
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Nor
mal
ized
Col
umn
Leng
th
Normalized Deflection
Initial Shape
Buckled Shape
P X
y
V
M a
M a
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Rotorcraft System
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SENSING OF BLADE VIBRATIONS
Objectives
• To investigate validity of using piezoelectric layers
• To investigate method of sandwiching piezoelectric layers
at the connection between blade and disk
• To select appropriate methods for transmitting measured
signals
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Current Status
• Measurement and control of blades are essential in turbo-machinery
• Current methods: laser doppler, strain gages and casing accelerometers
• Laser doppler: need of many sensors, sensitivity and limitations with regard to rotations
• Strain gages: not resistant to high temperature and location
• Casing accelerometer: modes of vibration not identified
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Piezoceramic Materials
• Resistant to high temperature• Ability of high strains• Precision • High bandwidth
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Method
Stationary Cantilever Beam
Blade
Piezoceramic
Piezoceramic
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Figure 5.13 Experimental instrumentation schematicExperimental Schematic
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Figure 5.7 : Beam-PZT material Frame experimentExperimental Setup
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Figure 5.6 : BM500 piezoelectric material
BM500 Piezoelectric Material
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0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
1
2
3x 10
-3
Time (s)
Ver
tical
Tip
Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1-15
-10
-5
0
5x 10
-5
Time (s)
Vol
tage
at
Nod
e 9
(V)
0 100 200 300 400 5000
1
2
3
4
5x 10
-5
Frequency (Hz)
PS
D o
f Dis
plac
emen
t
0 100 200 300 400 5000
1
2
3
4
5x 10
-8
Frequency (Hz)
PS
D o
f Vol
tage
Transient Response to a Step Input
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8-4
-2
0
2
4x 10
-3
Time (s)
Ver
tical
Tip
Dis
plac
emen
t (m
)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1x 10
-4
Time (s)
Vol
tage
at
Nod
e 9
(V)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400
2
4
6x 10
-4
Frequency (Hz)
PS
D o
f Dis
plac
emen
t
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400
2
4
6
8x 10
-7
Frequency (Hz)
PS
D o
f Vol
tage
Steady-State Response to a Sinusoidal Input
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Future Work
• Sensing and Control of Blade Vibrations using Piezoelectric and Magnetostrictive Materials
• Modeling of Nonlinearities in Thermo-Piezoelectricity and Magnetostriction(dependence of material constants ontemperature, hysteresis, etc.)
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CONCLUSION• Research in smart materials will continue to grow in
different directions.
• Development of smart sensors which are very sensitive to the mechanical states of host structures, and that of smart actuators which have high strain capacities, resistant to environmental effects and cost-effective are essential.
• Efficient power, signal processing and conditioning units for smart sensors and actuators are needed.