Name Matriculation ID
Brian Cakra A0133496Y
Muhamad Tomi Haetami A0133454L
Arulmani Natarajan A0132656E
Ahmadali Tahmasebimoradi A0103024E
Seyed Mohammad Hasheminejad A0094092A
STRUCTURAL HEALTH
MONITORINGGROUP PRESENTATION
MT5009 ANALYZING HI-TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES
2015
For presentations on other technologies see http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/presentations
MT5009
1. SHM Introduction
1.1. Past Catastrophic Structural (w/o SHM) Failures
1.2. SHM Process
1.3. SHM Applications
1.4. Wireless SHM Architecture and Applications
2. SHM Development and Technologies
3. Old SHM Technology
3.1. MEMS
3.2. Piezoelectric Sensors
3.3. Ultrasonic Sensors
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4. New SHM Technology
4.2. Fiber Optic Sensors (FOS)
4.6. Wireless Sensors Network
4.7. Embedded RFID Systems
5. Emerging and Future SHM Technology
5.1. Self Healing SHM
5.2. Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Sensors
5.3. Energy Harvesting
6. SHM Feasibility
6.1. How Far Can It Goes
7. Conclusion
MT5009
SHM is the process of implementing a damage detection and characterization strategy for structures.
• Damage due to:
Mismanagement in construction,
Lack of quality control,
Temperature variation,
Initiation of cracks due to cyclic loadings.
• Damage changes:
Geometry properties,
Boundary conditions,
Characteristics of the system.
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Why SHM?
1. Safety.
2. Replace schedule-driven maintenance with condition-based maintenance.
3. Increase Structure’s Longevity.
4. Addressing Issues of Scale (e.g. monitoring millions of structure).
5. Detecting damage in early stage to enable proactive responses.
6. Total Cost Reduction.
Human Health Monitoring
SHM Analogy
Structural Health Monitoring
MT5009
Sampoong Department Store Collapse due to Overload in Seoul, South Korea (1995).
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Historical Archive of the City Collapse due to Ground Deformation in Cologne, Germany (2009)
Tacoma Bridge Collapse due to Wind in Tacoma, US (1940) Sung-Su Bridge Collapse
in Korea (1994)
I-35 Bridge Collapse in Minessota, US (2007)
Nicoll Highway Collapse due to Construction Failure and Overload,Singapore (2004)
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SHM steps:
1. Operational evaluation,
2. Data acquisition (Sensors such as piezoelectric, piezoresistive, MEMS, optical
fibers, resistance strain, dip angle, acoustic emission, stress measurement sensors, selecting the excitation methods, the sensor types, number and locations )
3. Analyzing the data (microprocessors, IC, microcontroller)
4. Developing a statistical model for feature discrimination
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MT5009
Status inside materials building, Bridges, Wind turbine, Dams, mines, oil Rig and Pipe lines.
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OLD SHM NEW SHMEMERGING & FUTURE SHM
1970s 1990s 2000s
Wired Independent Sensor / Not
communicate with other sensors
Only Monitoring
Fiber Optic Less Calibration Wired and Wireless Sensor Array. Self-organization and near-
neighbor awareness Only Monitoring
Active SHM, Self Healing Structure
Smart Particle, self assembly Energy Harvesting Smart Sensors, cooperation
between sensor nodes
Problem:Messy Wires and
complex installation.
Need Calibration.
Problem: Power Management
issue, many sensors need power.
Sensor’s reliability issue (life time).
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OLD SHM
NEW SHM
EMERGING & FUTURE SHM
1970s
Problem:Messy Wires and complex installation.
Wired Independent Sensor / Not communicate with other sensors Passive, Only Monitoring
MT5009
• MEMS inertial sensors (Strong motion Class B)
• An acceleration sensor and angular velocity sensors (gyroscope)
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Performance. S/N Dynamic range dB.
Market Size by Application and Grade
Advantages: • Miniaturized size,• Lower power
consumption,• Improved linearity,• Extended FS range,
• Integrated wireless,• Low cost,• Mass production,• Three-dimensional
detection.
Mar
ket
Size
. $ M
illio
n
MEMS-based devices Market: CAGR of 11.7% and a total volume of $9.2 billion (2015). Unit production growth of 14%.
MT5009
Mechanical energy Electrical energy (direct effect) and vice versa (converse effect).
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Application:
to investigate the deformation and deflection (damage detection) for the structures including loaded pipes, beams, and plates.
to identify, locate, and quantify the structural performance of the system by the vibration and frequency response from a network of piezoelectric sensors.
1. Piezoelectric Ceramics (PZT): • Inexpensive, • Small, • Light weight, • Easily fabricated,• Less sensitive to temperature variation,• Low power consumption,• (-) Inflexible.
2. Piezoelectric Polymers (PVDF): • Very flexible, • (-) High cost of fabrication
3. Piezoelectric Ceramic / Polymer Composites
MT5009
This technique relies on shear waves (frequencies above 18kHz to MHz) generated by a probe (e.g.piezoelectric transducer) at a given point of the structure and sensed by another at a different point. Thedamaged areas affect the propagated ultrasonic wave in the structure and result in mixed modes.
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OLD SHM
NEW SHM
EMERGING & FUTURE SHM
1990s
Fiber Optic Less Calibration Wired and Wireless Sensor Array. Self-organization and near-neighbor awareness Only Monitoring Faults in sensor nodes can be tolerated
by using other available nodes.
MT5009
In SHM, type of FOS commonly used is Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, with multiplexing capacity.
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Advantages: • Suitable for long-term permanent.• More accuracy and reliability• No calibration needed • One cable can have hundreds of the Sensors • Simple installation• Light weight • Cable can run kilometers, no length limit • FOS uses light signal: High Bandwidth, No Electrical
sparking, EMI immunity, etc.
Fiber Bragg Grating principle
MT5009
Every sensors in the old days tended to transform its physical layer to wireless connection.
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Example Wireless Sensors.
Advantages: • No messy cabling, increase mobility• Faster Installation speed• Reduce infrastructure cost of cabling• Enabled communication between sensors through• (-) Security Issues• (-) Radio Interference Issues
Wireless Sensor Network Market
Forecast
400 -
800 -
600 -
200 -
1000 -
Ma
rket
Siz
e (i
n M
illio
n U
SD)
$ 401 M
$ 945 M
$ 455 M
MT5009
Wireless use of electromagnetic fields to transfer data,
Automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects.
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Hand Held RFID Reader RFID Temperature Sensor RFID Strain SensorRFID Temperature and Moisture Sensors
Advantages: • Wireless data collection, Non-contact communication• Small Size• Stored data in built-in memory• Readable by both fixed RFID reader and hand held reader
General configuration of RFID tag with sensor and built-in memory
MT5009
RFID Type Active RFID Passive RFID Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP)
Tag Power Source Internal to tagEnergy transfer from the reader
via RF
Internal power source to power on, and energy transferred from the
reader via RF to backscatter
Tag Battery Yes No Yes
Availability of Tag Power Continuous Only within field of reader Only within field of reader
Required Signal Strength from Reader to Tag
Very Low Very high (must power the tag)Moderate (does not need to power
tag, but must power backscatter)
Available Signal Strength from Tag to Reader
High Very Low Moderate
Communication RangeLong Range (100m or
more)Short range (up to 10m) Moderate range (up to 100m)
Sensor CapabilityAbility to continuously
monitor and record sensor input
Ability to read and transfer sensor values only when tag is
powered by reader
Ability to read and transfer sensor values only when tag receives RF
signal from reader
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OLD SHM
NEW SHM
EMERGING & FUTURE SHM
2000s
Active SHM, Self Healing Structure Smart Particle, self assembly Energy Harvesting Smart Sensors, cooperation between sensor nodes
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Application:
Fill the crack / gap
Protective coating for concrete
Fiber Coating with Nano and Micro Capsules
contain Resin / Glue / Sodium Silicate / Calcium
Lactate as a healing agent.
Advantages: • Inexpensive, • Environmentally friendly,• Catalyst free• Increase concrete structures’ life by 20%
Bacteria
H2O, CO2,
O2
+
+
+
FURTHER: Self lubricating Self cleaning Metal Healing
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CNT spatial sensing skins: Using CNT (e.g. hybrid glass-fiber composite) attached to small-scale
concrete beams formed a continuous conductive skin (layer in structure).
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Advantages: • A direct means for measuring the distributed strain fields. • High Sensitivity and Accuracy to identify the existence,
location and severity of structural cracks or corrosion.• Higher degree of miniaturization.• (-) Expensive and currently limited production
Carbon nanotube-based sensing composites for structural health monitoring
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• Energy sources for wireless sensors.• e.g. solar, thermal, wind, and kinetic.
Advantages: • Independent self-powered Sensors, • Less power cable infrastructure,• Reduce energy consumption, Eco-friendly.
$ 45 M
$ 227 M
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Example: Innowattech Piezoelectric
Piezoelectric installed beneath the surface of the Road. Electricity generated from the Vibration.
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The Wind and Structural Health Monitoring System (WASHMS) at Tsing Ma Bridge has four different levels of operation: sensory systems, data acquisition systems, local centralised computer systems and global central computer system.
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FACTS:
Origin: Hongkong
Year: 1997
Structure Cost: 929 Million
SHM Cost: USD 8 Million
350 Sensors
Cost per Sensor: USD 22,875
Technology: FOS, WirelessTsing Ma Bridge with positions of sensors
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The Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge across the Mississippi River, Missouri, USA.
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FACTS:
Origin: Missouri, USA
Year: 2003
Structure Cost: USD 100 Million
SHM Cost: USD 1.3 Million
86 Sensors
Cost per Sensor: USD 15,116
Technology: Wireless
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The I-35 bridge which replaced the Minneapolis bridge that collapsed. This SHM is potentially saving 15 to 25 percent of long-term maintenance costs.FACTS:
Origin: Minneapolis, USA.
Year: 2008
Structure Cost: USD 234 Million
SHM Cost: USD 1 Million
500 Sensors
Cost per Sensor: USD 2,000
Technology: Wireless
MT5009
Item Tsing Ma BridgeBill Emerson
Memorial Bridge I-35 bridge
Total Structure Cost USD 929 mil. USD 100 mil. USD 234 mil.
Year 1997 2003 2008
SHM cost USD 8 mil. USD 1.3 mil. USD 1 mil.
SHM cost (%) 0.9% 1.3% 0.4%
Total sensors 350 sensors 86 sensors 500 sensors
Cost per sensor USD 22,875 USD 15,116 USD 2,000
Sensor technology FOS, Wireless Wireless wireless
-15%
SHM Cost decrease 15% each year.
MT5009
1. Almost any structure that we want to maintain for any purpose.
2. By further improvements in the process of MEMS and better miniaturization of them, SHM can be applied to even small device like artificial heart, skin and limbs.
3. Using on daily life’s:
Self healing / self patching (hole in) tire.
Self inflating tire.
Self healing from scratch in any surface.
Monitoring stress, load, fatigue in furniture.
SHM in home appliances.
• Crack in gas regulator / gas tank.
• Exposed cable.
Etc.
4. New protocols to reduce energy usage.
Bluetooth 4, Zigbee, Thread, MiWi, Allseen, etc.
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Part of Smart City. Internet of Things.
MT5009
1. Increasing in Market Size (CAGR) mass production + technology growth cheaper unit cost ↓
MEMS sensor/actuator = 12 %
Wireless Sensor Network = 13 %
Energy Harvesting = 50 %
These parts’ price will continuously reduce, at least until 2020 .
2. Other factors affect the decrement of SHM Cost:
Less labor and engineering cost due to wireless network and better monitoring system.
Smaller sensors, better performance, cheaper unit cost, lower energy consumption.
Internet of things
3. SHM Technologies applications depend on geographical location.
E.g. Energy harvesters (solar panel) need sunny environment.
4. SHM Technology will become more effective with “self-….” tech., energy harvesting, and new material.
5. s 31
CHEAPER SHM. Cost decrease 15%
each year.