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Smart Transformer for Smart Grid– Intelligent Framework and Techniques
for Power Transformer Asset Management
Power & Energy Systems Research Group School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering
The University of Queensland
Professor Tapan Saha
Co authors: Dr. Hui Ma, Dr. Chandima Ekanayake,
Dr. Daniel Martin
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Introduction1
SmartBox – A Reconfigurable Platform for
Smart Transformer
2
3
Conclusions4
Research and Development Works
Presentation Outline
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IntroductionKey Objectives:
• To develop online sensor based monitoringtechniques to provide total visibility of transformerhealth condition.
• To develop data centric and machine learningtechniques for automatic data processing,information extraction for transformer assetmanagement.
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IntroductionSystem Architecture:
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Research & Development • Statistical learning techniques for transformer condition
assessment
• Signal processing techniques for online monitoring of transformers
• Paper insulation remaining life estimation
• Moisture estimation in transformer insulation
• Dielectric response measurement
• Field testing
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Exploits the dependency between transformers’conditions and measurements (DGA, PD, PDC, FDS)using historic datasets; and then evaluates thecondition of transformer under investigation.
Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) Results Interpretation
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Statistical Learning Techniques
Probability output : a certain degree of inaccuracy and uncertaintyin data interpretation.
T15: high temperature thermal fault - 25% chance; PD – 74% chance.
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Signal Processing Techniques
Advanced Signal Processing and Pattern RecognitionTechnique for Partial Discharge (PD) Monitoring andDiagnosis
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Signal Processing TechniquesSignal Processing: PD signals de-noising
DWT – discrete wavelet transform EMD – empirical mode decompositionEEMD – ensemble EMD
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Signal Processing TechniquesMultiple PD Sources Separation
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
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Signal Processing TechniquesPD Sources Classification
(a)
(b)
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PREDICTING THE LIFE REMAINING OF TRANSFORMER PAPER INSULATION
Water content of paper
We are focussing on the Kraft paper insulation within a transformer.
During operation this paper slowly degrades to a point when it has reached its end of life.
0.5 load
0.7 load
0.9 load
1.0 load
Lelekakis, Martin, Wijaya, Ageing rate of paper insulation used in power transformers, Parts 1 and 2, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2012.
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Testing
Three test transformers were set up. Using temperature and WCP their fall in paper DP was modelled, and can be seen to closely match measured values
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Life remaining
The fall in DP can also be plotted as life remaining (where end of life is DP=200). Blue and trace is using the existing IEEE standard. Insulation can be see to degrade far faster when oxygen and water are present. Setting oxygen and water to low values in our model gives close alignment with the IEEE one.
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Insulation water content
• Because the life expectancy model needs water content of paper, techniques to measure this were investigated.
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EXISTING METHODs• Sensors mounted in pipe at bottom
• Hard to see how the water content of paper can be calculated if the temperature of the paper is not known. A probe mounted at the top is better because there will be a smaller temperature gradient.
• Some devices give water content of oil in ppm, which brings inaccuracy because the equation used does not reflect all oils or all ages.
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Dielectric Response MeasurementFrequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS) Measurements
• Measures capacitance and dielectric losses of transformer insulation at different frequencies
• Condition monitoring of transformers Estimating moisture content in transformer insulation Estimating oil conductivity
Typical FDS response of oil-paper insulation system in of transformer.
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Dielectric Response MeasurementFrequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS) Measurements
constant 100 ºC
start at 100 ºC, end at 86 ºC
start at 84 ºC, end at 71 ºC
start at 70 ºC, end at 61 ºC
constant 61 ºC
Frequency (Hz)
C’
(a)
constant 100 ºCstart at 100 ºC, end at 86 ºC
start at 84 ºC, end at 71 ºC
start at 70 ºC, end at 61 ºC
constant 61 ºC
Frequency (Hz)
C’’
(b)
Thermal transient effect needs to be considered for properly interpreting dielectric response measurement.
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FIELD TESTING: THE FOLLOWING TRANSFORMERS WERE USED
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EXAMPLE OUTPUT OF MODEL
30
50
70
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0Te
mpe
ratu
re (°
C)
Load
(pu)
Winding temperature calculated from load
Load Top winding temperature
0.0%
0.1%
0.2%
0.3%
0.4%
0.5%
0.6%
Wat
er co
nten
t of p
aper
Calculated water content of paper insulation
Corrected for winding temperature gradient No temperature correction
Trend line
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tem
pera
ture
(°C)
Temperature measured by water activity probes
Oil at top of tank
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
Wat
er ac
tivity
Measured water activity
Oil at top of tank
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Results
Tr1 Tr2 Tr3 Tr4Unit description
(MVA)12.5 12.5 25 225/375
Age on test(years)
33 33 29 7
Water content measured using dielectric response
(%)
3.9 3.01 – 3.62 3.7 0.3
Water content measured using UQ algorithm and
water activity sensor(%)
3.8 3.7 2.7 – 2.9 0.4
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SmartBox DevelopmentSmartBox: reconfigurable hardware/software platform
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SmartBox DevelopmentSmartBox: Functional Components
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SmartBox DevelopmentSmartBox: Software Platform - Multi-Agent System
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Conclusions
• Transformer is a complex system requires acomprehensive solution of condition monitoringand assessment.
• Developed a number of techniques for conditionmonitoring and assessment of transformers.
• Developed a re-configurable hardware andsoftware platform (SmartBox) for deployingvarious techniques for condition assessment.
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Thank you!Professor Tapan Saha
School of Information Technology & Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Australia
Tel: +61 7 33653962, Fax: +61 7 33654999
Email: [email protected]
http://staff.itee.uq.edu.au/saha