Download - Smythe Property Fall 2012
-
8/9/2019 Smythe Property Fall 2012
1/16
Property outline
I. Dominant Legal Doctrines in the United StatesA. Consequentialist (teleological, utilitarian)
. !o recogni"e the consequences o# certain decisions, and select the $udgement that
ma%imi"es the outcome&. 'ightsased (deontological)
. !o *indicate #undamental rights
II. AcquisitionA. &y Disco*ery
. Case+ ohnson *. -Intosh
a) acts
() Plainti## ohnson ought title to a piece o# land #rom a /ati*e Americanchie#.
(0) !he chie# 1as *ested 1ith the po1er to trans#er the title to the land y the
tries he represented.
(2) De#endant -Intosh ought the land #rom the United States go*ernment.(3) !he go*ernment had the right to sell the land #rom a land grant #rom the
state o# 4irginia.
) Issue() 5hether the /ati*e Americans should ha*e superior title ecause they
1ere #irst. 6r i# the 7uropean nations, 1hen they disco*ered the ne1 1orld
acquired superior right to the land.c) 8olding
() !he rule is nonsense, ut 1ithout #inding #or the de#endant, a great deal o#
property rights 1ould e called into question and the 1hole thing 1ould ecome
a mess. 5ith regrets, the court #inds in #a*or o# -Intosh.
d) 'ule() 6nly applicale to /ati*e American tries, their rights to lands they ha*e
can ee%tinguishedy the disco*ery o# them y european nations.
0. Doctrine o# Disco*ery
a) !he right o# disco*ery e%tends to all european po1ers that disco*er ne1 lands
) /ati*es retain some right to occupy the landc) 8o1e*er, the so*ereign po1er, li9e the ritish and then the US, has the right to
e%tinguish the rights o# /ati*es.
() !he rights may e e%tinguished y either sale o# the land,or y simple conquest.
d) Underlying policy is to create certainty in property rights
&. &y Capture
. Case+ Pierson *. Posta) acts
() Post hunted a #o% o*er uno1ned land.
(0) Pierson, 9no1ing that Post 1as hunting the #o%, 9illed itand too9 it.
(2) Post claims the #o% as his ecause he 1as in pursuit
-
8/9/2019 Smythe Property Fall 2012
2/16
(3) Pierson claims the #o% ecause he 1as the one to 9ill it.
) Issue
() 5hether the hunt o# a 1ild animal *ests title in the pursuer.c) 8olding
() I/ the case o# 1ild animals title is not *ested until there is possession.
Pursuit o# the animal is no possession.d) 'ule
() A hunter must either 9ill or trap a 1ild animal to possess it, and therey
acquire title to it.0. Case+ :hen *. 'ich
a) acts
() 5halers hunting #inac9 1hales typically cannot ta9e immediate
possession (dominion and control) o# the 1hales they hunt upon 9illing the1hale.
(0) !he implement used, theomlancelea*es a distincti*e rand on the
1hale, identi#ying it to others.
(2) !he 1hale typically sin9s, to #loat ac9 up to the sur#ace 2 days later.(3) 5hen #ound y locals on the shore, custom is to come and tell the 1halers
in return #or a #inders #ee.
(;) Plainti## :hen #ollo1ed this general custom. Shot the 1hale, and 1aited#or it to e #ound again so that he, and his cre1, could collect on the 1hale.
(
-
8/9/2019 Smythe Property Fall 2012
3/16
d) An o1ner o# e%otic animals retains constructi*e possession o# their e%otic animals
e*en a#ter they escape.
e) Case+ @eele *. 8ic9eringill() acts
(a) Plainti## @eele o1ns a #ancy pond set up #or the purpose o#
capturing large quantities o# irds.() De#endant 8ic9eringill intentionally #rightened the irds a1ay
e#ore they 1ere captured. &ut committed no other o##ense in doing so.
(1as not trespassing or anything li9e that.)(0) Issue
(a) 5hether a person can maliciously inter#ere 1ith the property rights
o# a lando1ner, y scaring the game a1ay e#ore they are caught.
(2) 8olding(a) In #a*or o# @eele. Court reasons that the hunting o# o# duc9s is a
socially producti*e end, and its trade is part o# the economy. 'ecogni"es
ne1 action+ malicious inter#erence 1ith trade.
(3) 'ule(a) /uisance+ an unreasonale inter#erence 1ith the use o# persons
property.i) Pri*ate /uisance+ a nuisance that ad*ersely impacts only a #e1 parties
ii) Pulic /uisance+ A nuisance that impacts a large numer o# parties.
() Pulic /uisances are the area #rom 1hich 1e get "oning
la1s, en*ironmental regulation, local ordinances.3. La1 o# 5aste
C. &y Creation
. Intellectual Propertya) In*entions, trademar9s, ideas in general.
) Intellectual property is so crucial that $urisdictions o*er intellectual property 1asgi*en to congress in the constitution.
c) Patentcopyright la1 is #ederal
() !here are 0 9inds o# patent
(a) Utility
i) :ranted i# the in*ention meets 2 requirements+() /o*el (some ne1 product or process)
(0) -ust yeild utility (ha*e some direct ene#it)
(2) /ono*ious (nono*ious to a person o# ordinary s9ill inthe trade or art.)
() Design
i) :ranted i# the in*entor can sho1 the in*ention is+() /o*el
(0) /ono*ious
(0) A patent, i# granted, lasts #or 0B years #rom the time o# the application.d) Copyright
() Pro*ides protection #or items o# creati*e e%pression
(0) Also protected y #ederal statute
-
8/9/2019 Smythe Property Fall 2012
4/16
(2) 6riginally quite narro1 in scope. Protected ONLYmaps, charts, and
oo9s.
(3) As modern technology de*eloped, and commercial *alue has een addedto many other creati*e 1or9s, a 1ider range o# items could e copyrighted.
Including+
(a) Songs() -o*ies
(c) Pictures
(d) Programs(e) Prints
(;) Copyright lasts #or the li#e o# the author =B years.
e) !rademar9
() A symol or randname, some 9ind o# sign or identi#ier o# a company ora product.
(0) Can e registered under #ederal statute.
(2) Can also arise under state common la1
(3) undamentally di##erent #rom other protection(a) 6nly helps companies pro*ide clear in#ormation aout their
products to the mar9et. !here are no tradeo##s (et1een the title holderand the pulic at large) as in copyright and patent.
(;) !hey last as long as they are used.
0. Case+ International /e1s Ser*ice *. Associate Pressa) acts
() !he AP 1as collection in#ormation that I/S apparently did not ha*e aout
current e*ents.
(0) I/S egan to spy on the AP (y riing memer organi"ations andemployees) to gain access to their in#ormation in ad*ance o# its pulication
(2) I/S also too9 ne1s that had een pulished, repac9aged it, and sold it as
its o1n.(3) AP gained an in$unction against I/S #or the inducement o# memers and
employees.
) Issue() Do ne1s gatherers ha*e property in the ne1s a#ter it is pulished
c) 8olding
() ?es. Euestion is not 1hether AP has a right to the
ne1s against the pulic, as the de#ense argument suggests,ut against this de#endant in particular. ?es, AP has a right
to the ne1s it pulishes, and there#ore the in$unction
against I/S Stands. AP has a quasiproperty right to thene1s it has gathered But only while the news is still a
commodity, orHot Newsurther, the right is only
against other inerests in selling the ne1s, its propertyinterest in the ne1s does not prohiit pri*ate indi*iduals
#rom telling other pri*ate indi*iduals aout it.
d) 'ule
2. !rade Secret La1
-
8/9/2019 Smythe Property Fall 2012
5/16
a) A ody o# tort la1 that constrains companies #rom certain eha*iors
() In contemplation o# the do1nside o# patents
(a) Patents enter the pulic record() Patents e%pire, a#ter1ords allo1ing imitators
(0) !here#ore, it may e pre#erale to simply 9eep the inno*ation secret
(a) !herey protecting trade secrets eyond the limited period o#patents
3. Case+ Cheney &rothers *. Doris Sil9 Corp.
a) acts() Doris made a pattern at some cost
(0) Cheney rothers copied the pattern #or pro#it (1hether 9no1ing or not)
(2) Doris no1 sues #or damages alleging that the court could protect their
patterns as a 9ind o# copyright #or a short time.) Issue
() 5hether seasonal patterns can e protected as a 9ind o# shortterm
copyrighted 1or9 o# creati*e e%pression
c) 8olding() /o. !here is no such thing as a hal#copyright. !he copyright act 1as set
in place y the legislature, the court has no authority to secondguess 1hat itdoes and does not co*er. International /e1s ser*ice should e construed
narro1ly.
d) 'ule() A person cannot ha*e patent or copyright o*er something li9e a pattern o#
sil9.
(0) A persons rights in creati*e e%pression are generally limited to the
chattels o# their in*ention. Unless they ha*e a patent or copyright, that e%tendsthe title to also include the conceptual content.
;. Case+ Smith *. Chanela) acts
() Smith ma9es a per#ume imitating Chanels per#ume
(0) Smith claims their product is $ust as good as Chanels
(2) Chanel claims it spends considerale resources producing its product
(3) Chanel #urther claims that smiths product e%ploits Chanels good1ill and
pulic trust #or their o1n gain.
) Issue
() Is mere imitation o# a nonpatented product a *iolation o# some propertyinterest the creator may ha*e in the product
c) 8olding
() /o. !he court cites a pulic policy concern. 7*ery copyright and patent
has a natural chilling e##ect in that others 1ill e a#raid to mar9et similarproducts 9no1ing that the products are protected y la1. In this case, there is no
patent or copyright, so the general rule should apply.
d) 'ule() Property rights are limited to the chattels o# your in*ention unless
e%tended y copyright or patent.
-
8/9/2019 Smythe Property Fall 2012
6/16
-
8/9/2019 Smythe Property Fall 2012
7/16
() Property transaction
(0) 6ne o# the rights included in the undle o# property rights o*erall
(2) Possessory rights not as strong as true title, ut still *ery important ino*erall poperty.
(3) Utili"ed y dry cleaners, mo*ers, *alets, loc9o%es in an9s. (these are all
e%amples o# contractual ailments.)) A #inding is treated as a 9ind o# ailment
() It is a noncontractual or in*oluntary ailment.
(0) !he #act o# a #inding in 1hich a #inder ta9es possession o# the item is theailment
(a) A ailee is someone holding possession o# something they ha*e no
title to, oro1n.
(2) !he duty o# care depends on the nature o# the ailment
(a) I# the ailment is primarily #or the ailees ene#it, then the ailee
is urdened 1ith the highest duty o# care
() I# the ailment is #or the mutual ene#it o# oth parties, only a
normal standard o# care applies.(c) I# the ailment is #or the ene#it o# the ailor, the ailee east the
lo1est duty o# care. This is the kind of care required for a found chattel.
0. @inds o# chattels #ounda) Aandoned chattels
() Aandoned chattels go to the #inder
(0) 6n land o1ned y another, the #inder still gets the chattels(a) !hats a ullshit rule. And I suspect it does not e%tend to o1ners o#
land #or $un9yards. Aandoning things there is precisely the reason the land
is o1ned.) Lost Chattels
() Lost i# the rue o1ner does not 9no1 1here to #ind the chattel. It is anin*oluntary loss o# possession.
(0) It is required y la1 to ma9e some sort o# notice that the true o1ner may
retrie*e their chattels.
(a) !hese are called EST!Y ST!T"TES#
i) inders must deli*er chattels to policeii) !he police may ha*e to ad*ertise #or some period
iii) 5hen no true o1ner is #ound, the chattel is turned o*er to the
#inder and they no1 ha*e good title to the chattel.
i*) At some point the true o1ners right to reclaim the chattel is cut o##
y a statute o# limitations
() !his is all to encourage #inders to come #or1ard 1ith #oundchattels. 'e1arding them 1ith the chattels #or doing so in good
#aith. !he title to the chattel is essentially in*oluntarily trans#erred.
c) -islaid Chattels
() !rue o1ner places chattel some1here intentionally, ut #orgets 1here it is,or to ta9e it 1ith them.
(0) !here is some true o1ner to e concerned 1ith. Usually something li9e a
1allet or something else important.
-
8/9/2019 Smythe Property Fall 2012
8/16
(a) !rue o1ner may return to the place 1here the item 1as le#t.
(2) land o1ner gets it sometimes, #inder gets it other times. All ased on the
circumstances o# the #inding. 8as some sort o# good #aith requirement that thechattel 1ill e le#t 1ith the person est situated to #ind and return the chattel to
the true o1ner.
7. &y Ad*erse Possession. 7ntry
a) Ad*erse possessor must pro*e actual entry onto the land.
0. 6pen and /otoriousa) -eans 1hether the manner o# the ad*erse possessorFs occupation 1as so as to put
a reasonale true o1ner on notice that there may e an ad*erse possession claim.
2. Continuos #or the statutory period.
a) 4aries across %)
-
8/9/2019 Smythe Property Fall 2012
9/16
(;) Socage economic tenure #or the susistence o# the o*erlords.
(
-
8/9/2019 Smythe Property Fall 2012
10/16
() All real property e*entually ecomes alienale. People o1n their land
1ithout need o# #eudal incidents. (though modern ta%ation is essentially the
same idea)I4. Possessory estates
A. !ypically property rights in land that gi*e the o1ner possessory rights. !he 1ord estate is
in re#erence to the medie*al status that used to go 1ith o1ning possessory rights.. !he ee simple Asolute
a) !his is the largest 9ind o# possessory right that a person can o1n in land. It lasts
#rom here to eternity.) At common la1 certain 1ords 1ere required #or a grantor to con*ey a #ee simple.
() !o A1ere the 1ords o# purchase
(0) and his heirs1ere the 1ords o# limitation.
(2) !he indicate the si"e or duration o# As rights in the land
c) In modern la1, 1here there is any amiguity, the presumption is that the grantor
al1ays intends to trans#er a #ee simple.
0. !he ee !aila) -ostly e%tinct no1. 6nly recogni"ed in a #e1 states.
) Its heritaility is limited to direct lineal descendants.
() 5ould include children, grandchildren, so on
(0) Could not include cousins.(2) !he #ee tail o1ner cannot di*ide his #ee tail
(3) !he #ee tail o1ner is precluded #rom selling or gi#ting the tail to anyone
other than a direct descendant.(;) !his #ee tail originated in the medie*al period. !he mechanism is intended
to protect the status o# the #amily line against later descendants 1ho decide to
sell or gi#t the land to someone outside the #amily.
() !here is also a #ee tail male 1here the direct lineal descendant must also
e a male direct lineal descendant.2. A re*ersion
a) Any piece le#t o*er a#ter the grantor has con*eyed some smaller portion o# the
estate
() So 1hen a grantor 1ith a #ee simple grants a #ee tail to his child, i# the
child dies 1ithout heirs, the land re*erts to the grantor(0) I# the grantor grantor is dead at the time 1hen the re*ersion occurs, his
heirs ta9e the land re*erted to him.3. Li#e estates
a) A possessory estate that gi*es the possessor the right to possess the property so
long as they li*e.) I# a grantor grants a li#e estate to a grantee, the grantor has impliedly 9ept the part
that is le#t o*er, the re*ersion.
-
8/9/2019 Smythe Property Fall 2012
11/16
$%& I# the grantor decides to gi*e 1hat is le#t o*er a#ter con*eying a li#e estate
to someone else, that is called a remainder
c) !o Aare the 1ords o# purchase
d) so long as he li*esare the 1ords o# limitation
4. utur*ooe Interests
. 'emainder a) 4ests on the natural e%piration o# a pre*ious li#e estate to another grantee.
0. !enancies
a) !hey are typically 1hat you get through a lease.
) !here are those at 1ill, that can e terminated y either party at 1illc) !here are periodic tenancies that are automatically rene1ale unless notice o#
termination is pro*ided.
d) !here are term o# years tenancies 1here there is no automatic rene1al, and nonotice required.
() !his is an estate e*en smaller than a #ee tail or li#e estate.
2. !he 'ule o# primogeniture
a) :enerally restricts inheritance to the oldest male direct lineal descendant.) !hese days, there are intestate statutes, gi*ing spouses a share, and their children
equal shares.
3. De#easale estatesa) Property right con*eyed ut 1ith conditions. As a general matter, a de#easale
estate is an estate that can e terminated upon some e*ent.
) De#easale #ee simples;. ee simple determinale
a) A #ee simple that automatically terminates upon the occurrence o# a stated e*ent.
) or e%ample, i# 6 con*eys &lac9acre to A so long as he remains soer, 6 has
placed a condition on As o1nership. Should A start drin9ing again, the ee is
terminated and re*erts to 6.c) !o create a ee Simple Determinale, the grantor must use language to indicate
that the #ee is the grantees until such time that the conditions are not met. So 1ords
li9e,so long asoruntil
d) 7liminated in cali#ornia
e) 'ight retained y grantor is called possiility o# re*erture.() !his #uture interest is not a large enough interest #or the la1 o# 1aste to
apply.
-
8/9/2019 Smythe Property Fall 2012
12/16
a) Li9e a #ee simple determinale, e%cept instead o# re*erting ac9 to the grantor, it
#or#eits to some other grantee.
) !here#ore, the other grantee is granted an e%ecutory interest>. 'ule o# perpetuities
a) 6nly applies to certain 9inds o#
() Contingent remainders(0) 7%ecuti*e interests
(2) 4ested remainder su$ect to open.
) /e*er applies to grantors #uture interest.
c) I# it applied, it destroyed the #uture interest as soon as it 1as created.d) 7ssentially a rule o# logic, requires no real #acts. Un#ortunately the logic can e
con#ounding.
e) So they passed a "niform statutory rule a'ainst (er(etuities
() -odi#ies rule against perpetuities to adopt the1ait and seedoctrine.
(a) It should not *oid #uture interests at the time o# the grant, ut 1ait
GB years to 1ait and see.
G. Sa*ings Clausesa) &ac9stop measure to pre*ent *oid.
() I# the remainder has not *ested in >G years, the property automatically
*ests in so and so.B. !rusts
a) Created either inter *i*os or at death.
) :rantor ecomes !estator and recipient is the !rustee.c) &ene#iciaries are called equitale o1ners o# the trust
d) !rusts can ha*e contingent interests that remain contingent inde#initely.
() 6nly a small numer o# states ha*e allo1ed perpetual trusts(0) &ut it may e a trend
e) !rusts ma9e the rule against perpetuities irrele*ant.. !he Drill
a) irst thing to do is loo9 at the grantee+ Is it a possessory estate or a #uture interest
() I# possessory
(a) 5hat si"e is the estate
i) ee simpleii) Li#e estate
iii) !erm o# years
() Is there a condition on iti) I# yes 1hat does it do
() I# it causes #or#iture ac9 to the grantor it is
determina)le(0) I# it gi*es the granto right o# entry then it is su)*ect to a
condition su)sequent
(2) I# it di*ests the property to some other grantee then it is
su)*ect to an e+ecutory limitation.(0) I# uture interest
(a) 5hat 9ind is it
-
8/9/2019 Smythe Property Fall 2012
13/16
i) 'emainder i# it 1ould #ollo1 the natural e%piration o# a possessory
estate.
() 4ested i# it is gi*en to an ascertained person or personsand is not su$ect to a condition precedent.
(0) Contingent i# it is gi*en to an unascertained person or
persons 6' su$ect to a condition precedent.(2) 4ested su$ect to 6pen i# it is gi*en to a class o# persons,
some o# 1hom are ascertained, ut could still gro1.
ii) 7%ecutory i# it 1ould di*est some #uture interest() Shi#ting i# it 1ould di*est another grantee
(0) Springing i# it 1ould di*est the grantor
() 5hat si"e is it
i) ee simple() !o e and his heirs
(0) !o
ii) ee !ail
() And the heirs o# her odyiii) Li#e estate
() or li#ei*) !erm o# years
() or a term o# ten years
(c) Is there a condition on it that could cause di*estmenti) I# ?es
() igure out 1hat the condition does
$a& I# it causes the estate to go ac9 to the grantor
(automatically) etermina)le() I# it gi*es the grantor right o# entry Su)*ect to a
condition su)sequent
(c) I# it gi*es the estate to another grantee Su)*ect to an
e+ecutory interest
ii) I# /o
() ?oure done here
4I. oint Property InterestsA. !enancy in common
. -odern presumption generally #a*ors this 9ind o# $oint property interest.
0. Under a tenancy in common, property o1ners are called tenants in common.2. Under tenancy in common each tenant in common has a separate ut undi*ided
interest in the property.
a) 7ither party can sell or de*ise their interest as they li9e.3. 7ach tenant in common has a right to possess the 1hole.
;. /o speci#ic granting language is required, courts 1ill assume it 1here the
language is amiguous.&. oint tenancy
. Concurrent property interest in 1hich the tenants are in some respects regarded as
though they 1ere a single o1ner.
0. 7ach tenant has a right o# sur*i*orship.
-
8/9/2019 Smythe Property Fall 2012
14/16
a) 5hen one o# the $oint tenants dies, that $oint tenants interest ends.
) !he other $oint tenant ta9es the decreased $oint tenants share.
-. At common la1 there 1ere some technical requirements+ "nities
a& Time interest must *est at the same time.
)& Title interest must e created through the same instrument
c& /nterest requires that the si"e o# the shares o# the $oint tenants must e equal.d) 0ossession each $oint tenant must ha*e a right to possess the 1hole.
3. 'equirements are more la% today.Courts sometimes do not require each tenant to
ha*e equal share.
;. Presumption is not in #a*or o# $oint tenancy, there#ore precise language may erequired.
a) !o A and & as $oint tenants, 1ith right o# sur*i*orship, and not as tenants in
common.
) !o A and & as $oint tenants
-
8/9/2019 Smythe Property Fall 2012
15/16
(0) Under the ci*il la1 tradition, marital property 1as treated as community
property.
(a) !ypically treated the husand and 1i#e as equal at the outset.() Common la1 states ha*e more or less mo*ed to1ards the ci*il la1
dynamic.
7. 7lecti*e Share Statutes. Sur*i*ing spouse can challenge the spouses 1ill
0. Spouse can get up to hal# the estate.
a) 6r a minimum share o# one third
.Proceeds #rom insurance. /ot a proate asset.
0. Its a contract. So money goes 1here the contract says it goes.
:. 'ight or sur*i*orship. 8ouse not a proate asset 1here there is a $oint tenancy 1ith right o# sur*i*orship.
0. 'ight or sur*i*orship is automatic.
8. Proate Assets
. !hings not $ointly o1ned can e de*ised according to the 1ill.0. 5here the 1ill sayse*erything goes to Athe only property at issue are the
proate assets.
2. !he 1i#e can elect to ta9e hal# o# proate assets under electi*e share statutes.
a) It might #rustrate the spouses intent
) &ut thats the purpose o# the statute any1ay.
4II. 7asementsA. Pri*ate land use controls and the la1s o# ser*itudes
. Ser*itudes are nonpossessory property interests typically held in land.
0. 7asement typically a right to use or per#orm an act on someone elses land.
2. Promises or co*enants regarding the use o# landa) !ypically restrict the use o# land.
) De*elopers 1ould place a restriction on the lots they sell. Li9e a residential use
restriction.c) Ser*itude not to use the land in a certain 1ay.
3. 7asements aout the right to use or per#orm some act on someones land.
a) !he lot that is su$ect to that right o# use is the Ser1iant Tenement.() In other 1ords, it ser*es someone else.
) Apertinent an easement that assigns the right to use the ser*iant tenement to
some other parcel o# land. !he ominant Tenement.
c& ominant Tenement the lot 1ith the right to use an appurtenant easement on a
Ser1iant Tenement.d) /n 'ross does not ha*e any dominant tenement. !he right to use the ser*iant
tenement is not attached to a dominant tenement. &ut to a person in particular.
Classic e%ample is the pulics right to cross each#ront property to reach the each.
It doesnt attach to any particular lot, ut to the pulic in general.
() 'eal Co*enants
(0) 7quitile Ser*itudes oth aout restricting the use o# land.
-
8/9/2019 Smythe Property Fall 2012
16/16
(2) /egati*e easements
(a) Courts dont li9e these there#ore there are *ery #e1.
() !hats 1hy there are so many positi*e easements.
&. 8o1 easements are created
. 7%pressly
a) !hrough e%press grant o# easement or reser*ation in a deed. !here must e a1riting that de#ines the easement 1ith some speci#icity.
0. &y prescription
a) Acquired in much the same 1ay as an AP claim.
) Actual entry and e%clusi*e possession not required.c) 6ther1ise the other elements o# AP claims apply.
2. &y implication
a) 'equires that oth ser*iant and dominant tenements 1ere o1ned as one parceloriginally, prior to se*erance, there 1as use o# the ser*iant tenement y the
dominant tenement, and that use must ha*e een apparent and continuous. And at
se*erence the continued use o# the ser*iant and dominant tenement must e
reasonaly necessary.3. &y necessity
a) Ser*iant and dominant tenements 1ere o1ned as one parcel originally, and upon
their se*erance, use o# the ser*iant tenement y the dominant tenement is strictlynecessary. -ost commonly happens 1hen someone has a lot o%ed in y other lots.
It ecomes necessary to cross someone elses lot to get in and out.
;. Euasi7asements
a)7asements y estoppel. Sometimes called an irre*ocale license. It arises 1hen a
person gi*es permission to another person to use their land. !he person 1ith
permission ma9es an in*estment in reliance. !he person 1ho ga*e permission
acquiesces to the in*estment. Under those circumstances, the permision or licenseecomes irre*ocale. It ecomes an easement y estopel. Permission is usually
re*ocale al1ays at the 1ill o# the permissiongi*er. &ut not here 1here there has
een sustantial in*estment in reliance.