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Social Demand of a Blue Space: Use, Values, and Perceptions of the
San Marcos River
Graham Daly
Dr. Jason Julian 1
PC: Stephen Ramirez
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Rivers…
2
Blue Space…
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(Martin-Ortega et al., 2015)
“ a way of understanding the
complex relationships between
nature and humans to support
decision-making, with the aim of
reversing the declining status of
ecosystems and ensuring the
sustainable use/management/
conservation of resources.”
Rivers & Ecosystems Services
3(Adapted from MA 2005)
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Provisioning
- Food
- Fresh Water
- Energy
- Wood & Fiber
Regulating
- Climate Regulation
- Habitat
- Flood Regulation
- Water Purification
Cultural
- Aesthetic
- Educational
- Inspirational
- Recreational
- Sense of Place
- Spiritual
pic
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Cultural Ecosystem Services
4
“ecosystems’ contribution to the nonmaterial benefits
that arise from human-system relationships”
(Chan et al. 2011)
• Aesthetic
• Educational
• Inspirational
• Recreational
• Sense of Place
• Spiritual
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San Marcos River as a Blue Space
5
Spring fed
Exceptional water quality
Excellent habitat
High biodiversity
7 endangered species
Flowing since memory
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Rapidly Growing City
6
Fastest growing city in U.S. 2012 -2014
City grew 31% from 2010 – 2014
Located between Austin and San Antonio,
two of top ten cities by population (3.5 mil)
Currently + 60,000 residents
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Biophysical / hydrological supply & demand are well studied…
What about the people & their social demand?
7
Austin, TX
San Antonio, TX
1000 ft (Brauman, 2015)
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What is the impact of rapid population growth on the ecosystem services of the San Marcos River?
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1903 ~ enrollment 300
2015 ~ enrollment 38,000
Increasingly
residential student
population
1,200 students a
year since 2012
~ 39,000
City of San
Marcos ResidentsTouristsTexas State
University Students
picpic
Small Town Feel
Increasing popularity
due to affordable
quality of life, recent
numerous accolades
~ 60,000
Outlet Malls
River Recreation
Meadows Center
Downtown
~ 14 million
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o Email, In-person, Mail-out
questionnaires resulting in
convenience response sampling
o Stratified random sampling to
target different sociodemographic
populations
o Primarily forced, closed responses
o Resulted in mostly ordinal data
o 49 questions total
o 20 minute average response time
o Spring & Summer of 2015
Survey Methodology
10(Castro et al., 2016)
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Survey Data Analyses
• Socio-Demographics
• Life World Experience
• Use
• Value
• Perception / Preference
• Non-Parametric
Analysis
• Kruskil-Walis
• Wilcoxan Each Pair
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Use Value Perception
Visit per year,
season, time of day,
group size
Rank ES and CES
benefits
Benefits to Human
Well-Being and Fish
& Wildlife
Money spent on river
visits, consumables
and hard goods
Money allocated for
river protection and
enhancement
Cleanliness of water,
affect on use,
preferred crowding
Sites and activities
visited
Rank benefits of
SMR, TXST, and
Outlet Malls
Sensitivity to rapid
growth, endangered
species
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Socio-Demographic Lifeworld Experience
Age Parental Education & Occupation
Gender Youth Time Outside & Activities
Race/Ethnicity Environment Raised In
Education Glass Bottom Boat Tour
Income Years Lived SM, Proximity to River
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• 2,581 Students
Representative
Young, Educated
• 240 Tourists
?
Wealthy
• 336 Residents
Email vs. In-Person
Skewed
Uneven
Age 74/15/5
Gender 69/31*
Race/Ethnic 51/32/9
Education 83/14/3
Income 83/10/4
Age 21/18/16
Gender 58/42
Race/Ethnic 67/15/12*
Education 36/32/23*
Income 22/18/19
Age 15/21/19
Gender 60/40
Race/Ethnic 66/27/4*
Education 31/32/20
Income 10/13/23*
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Use, Value, & Perception
Use Value Perception
Visit per year, season,
time of day, group size
Rank ES and CES
benefits
Benefits to Human
Well-Being and Fish
& Wildlife
Money spent on river
visits, consumables
and hard goods
Money allocated for
river protection and
enhancement
Cleanliness of water,
affect on use,
preferred crowding
Sites and activities
visited
Rank benefits of SMR,
TXST, and Outlet
Malls
Sensitivity to rapid
growth, endangered
species
Use changes with the seasons and purpose, Values of
ecosystem services are generally recognized, Perceptions
vary somewhat
(Nature Conservancy, 2010)
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Summarized descriptive statistics
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Students Residents Tourists
High usage Targeted usage Seasonal usage
Value skewed towards
conservation
Value heightened
overall
Value changes with
experience
Perception more
limited
Perception more
sensitive
Perception more
generalized
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Specific socio-demographic & lifeworld experiences
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Transgenerational Value
Students Residents Tourists
Glass bottom boat Glass bottom boat Glass bottom boat
Rural / Urban Rural / Urban Rural / Urban
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• Glass bottom boat tour participation was the most influential experience on individual responses
• Time outside during childhood and rural / urban settings were also strong correlates 18
Experiential Education
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Urban planning importance
• Hydrologic services (Braumen, 2015)
• Implementing ES in federal-decision making and planning (BenDor et al. 2017)
• Cultural ES as driver
• Method for measuring & discussing & predicting social demand for ES
19Town-Gown relationship significance
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Broader implications
• Blue spaces are increasing gaining importance, especially in places that have geographically limited water availability
20(Steele, 2014)
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Broader implications
• Climate change is and will increase the demands placed upon urban blue spaces both biophysically and socially
21(Grimm et al. 2008)
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References• Assessment, M. E. (2003). Ecosystems and human well-being (Vol. 200). Washington, DC:
Island Press.
• BenDor, T. K., Spurlock, D., Woodruff, S. C., & Olander, L. (2017). A research agenda for ecosystem services in American environmental and land use planning. Cities, 60, 260-271.
• Brauman, K. A. (2015). Hydrologic ecosystem services: linking ecohydrologic processes to human well‐being in water research and watershed management. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 2(4), 345-358.
• Castro, A. J., Vaughn, C. C., Julian, J. P., & García‐Llorente, M. (2016). Social demand for ecosystem services and implications for watershed management. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 52(1), 209-221.
• Grimm, N. B., Faeth, S. H., Golubiewski, N. E., Redman, C. L., Wu, J., Bai, X., & Briggs, J. M. (2008). Global change and the ecology of cities. science, 319(5864), 756-760.
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