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Social Development: Attachment andlack of a “primary caretaker”
• Lorenz, 1935 - Imprinting ( ethology )
• Harlow, 1953 - Surrogate mothers in rhesus monkeys ( video: Harlow’s studies)
• Spitz, 1940
• Goldfarb, 1958
• Skeels, 1966
• Bowlby, 1969 - predisposition
• Ainsworth, 1973 - Strange Situation Test
• Secure, resistant, avoidant patterns
• Stranger anxiety ( 6-8 mo.)
• Seperation anxiety ( 10-11 mo.)
• Oxytocin - limbic system ( cingulate cortex )
Erikson’s stages of social development
Videos: Early Socialization, Rage of Innocents
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Erikson’s stages• Basic Trust vs. Mistrust ( oral-1.5yrs)• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (anal,2-3yrs)• Initiative vs. Guilt ( phallic,3-6yrs. Oedipus)• Competence vs. Inferiority ( latency,6-puperty)• Identity vs. Identity Diffusion ( genital,adolesc.)• Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adult)• Productivity vs. Stagnation (middle adult)• Integrity vs. Despair (aging, retirement)• Freud - psychosexual development• Neo-Freudian (e.g., Erikson)
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Piaget (1896-1980)• A. Sensory-motor learning (birth-2 years) phase• B. Conceptual intelligence (2 years-adult) phase (a)
preoperational (2-7 years) stage
1. preconceptual period (2-4 years)
2. intuitive thinking period (4-7 years) (b) concrete operational (7-12 years) stage
(c) formal operations (12-adult) stage• Definition: intelligence= ability to adapt to environment• Schema: internalized way of organizing and adapting to the
environment
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Sensory-motor Phase ( birth- 2years)
• 1. Reflex period (0-2 months) 2. Primary circular reactions (2-4 months) 3. Secondary circular reactions (4-6 months) 4. Coordination of secondary reactions (7-10 months) 5. Tertiary circular reactions (11-18 months) 6. Invention new strategies by mental combinations (18-24 months)
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Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
• Assimilation, accommodation 1. Preconceptual period (2-4 years) 2. Intuitive thinking period (4-7 years)
• Precepts, egocentric, centered
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Concrete Operational Stage(7-12 YEARS)
• Conservation problem: decenter, reversible serialization
•
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Stage of Formal Operations(12 years-)
• Hypothesis, abstract reasoning
•
• Vygotsky- sociocultural influences on cognition; language (inner speech)
Video: Cognitive dev., Vygotsky
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Moral DevelopmentPiaget: objective (before 7) moral realism (egocentric);
subjective (after 7) autonomous justice
Kohlberg: dimensions
1. Intentionality
2. Relativism
3. Independence of sanctions
4. Reciprocity
5. Restitution and reform
• Video: Moral Dev
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Kohlberg’s six types