Download - Social Science History and Methods
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Social ScienceSocial Science
Social Science ISocial Science ISecond Sem., SY 2010Second Sem., SY 2010--20112011
UP VisayasUP Visayas
Knowledge :Knowledge :
Social ScienceSocial Science field of human knowledgethat deals with all aspects of the group life ofhuman beings
Natural ScienceNatural Science concerned with thenatural environment in which humans exist
Includes physics, chemistry,
biological sciences
HumanitiesHumanities deals with literature,music, art and philosophy
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Politics is more difficult than physics andthe world is more likely to die from bad
politics than from bad physics.
- Albert Einstein
Historical roots of the Social SciencesHistorical roots of the Social Sciences
Greeks
- the first to establish rational theory
- grasp rational concepts and use them as a wayof looking at reality andseeing logical connections
- empirical and anti-mystical
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Historical roots of the Social SciencesHistorical roots of the Social Sciences
PlatoPlato and AristotleAristotleare responsiblefor establishinga basis ofknowledge aswe know it anddeal with it
today
Historical roots of the Social SciencesHistorical roots of the Social Sciences
Much of the Greek contribution to knowledge would havebeen lost were it not for the preservation by EasternCivilizations
Crusades (1095 to 1272) :Europeans becamereacquainted with thelearning ofthe ancient Greeks,and they broughtback the body of
ancient Greeklearning to Europewhere it was generallyavailable by the twelfthcentury
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Historical roots of the Social SciencesHistorical roots of the Social Sciences
Middle Ages (A.D. 476 to 1453)
- Religion was so central to life :it tied together allfields of study
- Gods will
Historical roots of the Social SciencesHistorical roots of the Social Sciences
-series of literary and culturalmovements
in the 14th, 15th, and 16th
centuries- the totality of knowledge was
comprehensible by the human mind;an educated person could
know everything and exercise all skillsand social graces
Renaissance man
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Historical roots of the Social SciencesHistorical roots of the Social Sciences
- Rationalist Approach- Places human reason above faith
- Logical connections
- Proofs, evidence
- Religious Approach- Places faith above reason
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Renaissance- Division:
- Humanities and Physics- Physics was later broken up into empirical
studies (which developed into variousnatural sciences) and metaphysics(non-empirical studies that developedinto philosophy)Social science (as we consider it now)was part of History simply adocumentation of what had happened.
History was part of literature and thehumanities.
Historical roots of the Social SciencesHistorical roots of the Social Sciences
The Enlightenment- 1659 to 1700- period in which rationalism replaced religionas the organized system of knowledge
- period when the development ofthe social science took hold andflourished
- there was a belief that civilizationhad improved and so too shouldthe thinking about civilization
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Historical roots of the Social SciencesHistorical roots of the Social Sciences
The Enlightenment
Three humiliations of human beings:
1. The earth is not the center of the universe
2. We are creatures of nature like other animals
3. Our reasoning ability is subject topassions and subconscious desires
Paradox: human beings humiliation was
accompanied by a belief in humanbeings power
Historical roots of the Social SciencesHistorical roots of the Social Sciences
history of knowledge.pdf
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Common Sense and the Social SciencesCommon Sense and the Social Sciences
True or False?
Some people dream every night whileothers do not dream at all.
People tend to pair off withpartners who closely matchthem in physical attractiveness
Events such as going on a
vacation or a change in eating habits canactually cause stress
Common Sense and the Social SciencesCommon Sense and the Social Sciences
Which one is true?
Opposites attractvs.Birds of samefeather flock together
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UnscientificThinking: CONTENT
Comes from our sources of informationFriends Family
Family Authority
Authority Media
Media Books
People we respect and admire Do we test their
assertions?
Beliefs become stablebecause we rarely test
them
UnscientificThinking: CONTENT
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UnscientificThinking: CONTENT
UnscientificThinking: CONTENT
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Unscientific Thinking: PROCESS
Comes from the way we get information People want to feel like they can control
the outcomes that they care about
they see relationships that arent really there
Lucky shirt, lucky pen, lucky color, lucky song, etc
Confirmation Bias:
Pay the most attention to evidence that
supports their ideasWashing the car and then it rains
The Scientific Method
Important Assumption:
Behavior must follow a natural order,
therefore, it can be predicted
Determinism: there are
specifiable, causes for the way
people behave, and these causes
can be discovered through
research.
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The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method
1. Observe.2. Define the problem.3. Review the literature.4. Observe some more.5. Develop a theoretical framework
and formulate a hypothesis.6. Choose the research design.7. Collect the necessary data.
8. Analyze the results.9. Draw conclusions.
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method
Seeking general principles-laws, theories, hypothesis
Gathering empirical data-observable, experienced,can be quantified
Exercising good thinking- Systematic, objective,rational, logical
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The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method
Galileo Galilei (1564 1642). Renaissance
astronomer, mathematician, and developer of thescientific method. (National Library of Medicine)
Galileos InquisitionGalileos Inquisition
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Methods of the Social SciencesMethods of the Social Sciences
Experimental Method
Historical Method
Case Method
Comparative Method
Methods of the Social SciencesMethods of the Social Sciences
Cross Cultural Studies on Power Distance Index
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Methods of the Social SciencesMethods of the Social Sciences
Cross Cultural Studies on Power Distance Index
KOREAN AIRLINE (KAL) ACCIDENTS
1977 Russian Airspace
1979 Seoul
1982 Sakhalin Island, Russia
1987 Andaman Sea
1989 Tripoli
1989 Seoul1994 Cheju, South Korea
1997 Nimitz Hill, Guam
Methods of the Social SciencesMethods of the Social Sciences
Comparative Methods: Cross Cultural Studies
on Power Distance Index
Top Five Pilot PDIs1.Brazil2.South Korea
3.Morocco4.Mexico5.Philippines
Five Lowest PilotPDIS
1.United States
2.Ireland3.South Africa4.Australia5.New Zealand
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Social Science ISocial Science I
Interdisciplinary approachInterdisciplinary approach-- -- InterdisciplinaryInterdisciplinary
UnderstandingUnderstanding