Social Social
StructureStructure
Structural Functionalism Revisited
Structural Functionalism Revisited
What Holds Us Together As A Society
What Holds Us Together As A Society
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
Who Holds Us Together As A Society
Who Holds Us Together As A Society
Groups, Leaders, and Organizations
Groups, Leaders, and Organizations
Str
uct
ura
l-Str
uct
ura
l-Fu
nct
ionalis
m
Funct
ionalis
m
Expressive & Instrumental Variables
Expressive & Instrumental Variables
Ascription & Achievement
Ascription & Achievement: the origins of
: the origins of
qualities someone might bring to social interactions
qualities someone might bring to social interactions
or situations
or situationsAffectivity & Affective Neutrality
Affectivity & Affective Neutrality: the amount of
: the amount of
emotion or affect that is appropriate in any social
emotion or affect that is appropriate in any social
interactioninteractionDiffuseness & Specificity
Diffuseness & Specificity: the strength of ties
: the strength of ties
which create a range of obligations to other actors
which create a range of obligations to other actors
in any social interaction
in any social interaction
Particularism & Universalism
Particularism & Universalism: the reactions to
: the reactions to
others based on their relationship with us
others based on their relationship with us
Collectivity & Self-Seeking
Collectivity & Self-Seeking: the extent of self- or
: the extent of self- or
shared-interest associated with social actions
shared-interest associated with social actions
Manifest And Latent Functions
Manifest And Latent Functions
Manifest Functions
Manifest Functions are obvious and agreed upon
are obvious and agreed upon
Latent Functions
Latent Functions are not intended or easily
are not intended or easily
recognizedrecognized
T. Parsons T. Parsons and R. and R. MertonMerton
Socia
l Stru
cture
Socia
l Stru
cture
Mechanical Solidarity:
Mechanical Solidarity:
Gemeinschaft
Gemeinschaft: “community”
: “community”
Common to preindustrial/traditional societies
Common to preindustrial/traditional societies
Minimal divisions of labor
Minimal divisions of labor
We are united by shared values, rituals, and
We are united by shared values, rituals, and
common social bonds (friendship/kinship)
common social bonds (friendship/kinship)
What Holds Us Together As
What Holds Us Together As
A Society?A Society?
Organic Solidarity:
Organic Solidarity:
GesellschaftGesellschaft: “association”
: “association”
Common to industrial/urban societies
Common to industrial/urban societies
Lots of specialization
Lots of specialization
We are united by mutual dependence and rational
We are united by mutual dependence and rational
calculations about each others’ value to our
calculations about each others’ value to our
“project”“project” E. E.
DurkheimDurkheim
F. F.
TonniesTonnies
Socia
l Stru
cture
Socia
l Stru
cture
Groups:Groups:
Social Group:
Social Group: A collection of two or more people who
A collection of two or more people who
interact frequently with one another, share a sense of
interact frequently with one another, share a sense of
belonging, and have some kind of interdependence
belonging, and have some kind of interdependence
Primary & Secondary Groups:
Primary & Secondary Groups: Size And Relationship
Size And Relationship
Aggregates And Categories:
Aggregates And Categories: Proximity And Similarity
Proximity And Similarity
Ingroups And Outgroups :
Ingroups And Outgroups : Sense Of Belonging
Sense Of Belonging
Web Of Group Affiliations
Web Of Group Affiliations
Groupthink, Conformity, And Collective Effervescence
Groupthink, Conformity, And Collective Effervescence
Who Holds Us Together As
Who Holds Us Together As
A Society?A Society?
C. CooleyC. Cooley
W. W.
SumnerSumner
G. G.
SimmelSimmel
Socia
l Stru
cture
Socia
l Stru
cture
Leadership:Leadership:
Leaders: Leaders: Members of a group who are responsible for
Members of a group who are responsible for
directing the plans and activities of the group in order
directing the plans and activities of the group in order
to enable it to complete its tasks or fulfill its goals
to enable it to complete its tasks or fulfill its goals
Instrumental And Expressive
Instrumental And Expressive
Origins Of Leadership
Origins Of Leadership
Traditional • Rational • Charismatic
Traditional • Rational • Charismatic
Styles Of Leadership
Styles Of Leadership
Authoritarian • Democratic • Laissez-Faire
Authoritarian • Democratic • Laissez-Faire
Who Holds Us Together As
Who Holds Us Together As
A Society?A Society?
M. WeberM. Weber
Socia
l Stru
cture
Socia
l Stru
cture
Formal Organizations:
Formal Organizations:
A highly structured secondary group formed for the
A highly structured secondary group formed for the
purpose of achieving specific goals in the
purpose of achieving specific goals in the most most
efficientefficient manner
manner
Types Of Organizations
Types Of Organizations
Normative • Coercive • Utilitarian
Normative • Coercive • Utilitarian
Bureaucratic Organizations
Bureaucratic Organizations
Hierarchy Of Authority
Hierarchy Of Authority
Division Of Labor
Division Of Labor
Written Rules & Procedures
Written Rules & Procedures
Merit-Based Assignments
Merit-Based Assignments
Impersonal Orientation
Impersonal Orientation
Who Holds Us Together As
Who Holds Us Together As
A Society?A Society?
M. WeberM. Weber