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Socialization and Deviance
Nature vs. Nurture
Nature vs. Nurture
What do the cases of Anna and Genie teach us about the effects of isolation in childhood?
What is Socialization?
Socialization
The lifelong social experience by which individuals develop human potential and learn patterns of their culture.
Why Socialization Is Important Teaches us ways to think, talk and
act that are necessary for social living.
Ensures that members of society are socialized to support the existing social structure.
Allows society to pass culture on to the next generation.
How Much Do You Know About Early Socialization and Child Care?
True or False ? In the United States, full-day child
care often costs as much per year as college tuition at a public college or university.
How Much Do You Know About Early Socialization and Child Care?
True. Full-day child care typically costs
between $4,000 and $10,000 per child per year, which is as much or more than tuition at many public colleges and universities.
How Much Do You Know About Early Socialization and Child Care?
True or False? The cost of child care is a major
problem for many U.S. families.
How Much Do You Know About Early Socialization and Child Care?
True. Child care outside the home is a major
financial burden, particularly for the one out of every three families with young children but with an income of less than $25,000 a year.
Understanding the Socialization Process
Sigmund Freud Jean Piaget Lawrence Kohlberg Carol Gilligan George Herbert Mead with Cooley Erik H. Erikson
Understanding the Socialization Process In your group, make sure that each
member understands the contributions of the person you were assigned.
Develop a picture that illustrates the major contribution of that person to our understanding of human development.
Draw that picture on the board.
Understanding the Socialization Process Form new groups so that each person
from the board is represented. In your new group, take turns
explaining the contributions of the person your original group was assigned.
Explain the picture on the board. Make sure each member understand
the contributions these people made.
In your notebook
List the major forces that have shaped who you are today.
In your notebook
Draw a pie chart that illustrates the relative importance of those forces that have shaped who you are.
Major Agents of Socialization
FamilySchoolingPeer GroupMass Media
Agents of Socialization- Family
Family is the most important agent of socialization.
Unintentional socialization
Effects of class on how parents raise their children?
Agents of Socialization- School
Enlarges a child’s world Our technical world expanded time here Hidden curriculum Other effects?
School Profound effect on child’s self image,
beliefs and values – Give examples At school, you are evaluated and
compared Official record is kept of your school
grades and behavior How does this affect you?
School – Functionalist Persp Schools are responsible for:
Teaching students to be productive mbrs of society
Transmission of culture Social control and personal
development Selection, training and placement of
individuals
School – Conflict perspec.
Students have different experiences based on social class, race, gender, neighborhood
Give examples Teaching of the hidden curriculum –
children learn to be neat, on time, quiet, wait their turn, remain attentive
Socialized for the work force Middle class vs lower class and
expectations
Agents of Socialization- Peer group
Peers have interests, social position and age in common.
Identity apart from family and behavior free from adult supervision.
Peer groups Functions as an agent of socialization
by contributing to our sense of belonging
Freedom from parents and authority figures
Teach what is acceptable culturally Serve as a conduit for passing on
culture Give examples
Agents of Socialization- Mass Media
Radio, TV, Movies, Music, Magazines
TV in 98% of homes On for 7 hours per
day. Content of TV?
Violence? Liberal Media?
Are their other Agents of Socialization you would
like to discuss?
ReligionWorkMilitaryPrisonClubs
Consider How does each agent of socialization
differ from the others?
What happens when the influence of one agent of socialization is diminished?
Gender Role Socialization
Terms Sex- the biological distinction
between female and male.
Gender- the significance that a society attaches to biological categories of female and male. Masculine and Feminine.
What are some words we associate with each gender?
Gender and the agents of socialization
Look back over your life and considered how your gender has shaped your identity. How is your gender identity still informed
or affected by your experiences growing up?
How has your schooling played into your understanding of what it means to be a boy or a girl?
Have you ever been ridiculed for doing or saying something that others didn't consider "masculine" or "feminine"?
Gender and the agents of socialization
How do each of the following inform or affect your gender identity? Family School Peers Media
Does your behavior reinforce these ideas?
Magazine Assignment Discuss the magazines you read. List the values of the magazines that
were targeted towards men and the magazines targeted towards women.
Did the magazines you looked at reinforce gender roles or not? How?
How did you feel when you looked through the magazines?
Do these magazines have a positive or negative effect in society?
Gender role stereotypes in children’s commercials:
Commercials with boy models only were found to feature more away from home settings.
Commercials with girl models only were more likely to be set in the home.
Only boys were shown in anti-social behavior.
Girls in commercials show only socially acceptable behavior.
Tough question
If we are indeed shaped by society, evaluate whether an understanding of the socialization process makes one more or less free.
Socialization and the Life Course
Are you an adult?
How do you know?
What does it mean to be an adult?
“The Rise and Fall of the American Teenager”
Consider what it means to be a teenager and how this concept developed.
Deviance
Before we get started you should be familiar with the concept of cognitive dissidence.
cognitive dissidence
When presented with information that does not fit with your understanding, you have two choices:
1) Change the way you think2) Dismiss the new information
cognitive dissidence
Changing the way you think can be painful, but that is not enough reason to refuse to do it.
let’s proceed…
Keep in mind this question
How does the sociological explanation of deviance differ from the common sense notion that bad people do bad things?
What is Deviance?
Deviance
The recognized violation of cultural norms.
What are the Social Foundations of Deviance?
Social Foundations of Deviance
Deviance varies according to cultural norms.
Social Foundations of Deviance
Deviance varies according to cultural norms.
People become deviant as others define them that way
Social Foundations of Deviance
Deviance varies according to cultural norms.
People become deviant as others define them that way
Both rule making and rule breaking involves power.
Structural Functional Analysis of Deviance
Emile Durkheim
Robert Merton
Structural Functional Analysis- Durkheim What functions does deviance
serve?
Structural Functional Analysis- Durkheim What functions does deviance serve?
Affirms cultural norms and values. Responding to deviance clarifies
moral boundaries. Responding to deviance promotes
social unity. Deviance can encourage social
change.
Structural Functional Analysis- Merton’s Structural Strain Theory Societies have "goals"
guiding how life ought to be.
Society also instructs us as to the correct “means” to achieve those goals.
The scope and character of deviance depends on how well society provides the institutionalized means to achieve cultural goals
Merton’s Structural Strain Theory
"Success is a journey, not a destination."
Describe the goal of the American Dream and the legitimate means to achieve that goal.
Merton’s Structural Strain Theory
"Success is a journey, not a destination."
Let’s say that making $$$ is a goal of the American Dream.
Merton’s Structural Strain Theory- Conformity
Conformity- pursuing conventional goals through approved means.
How does this apply to the goal of making money?
Conformity- Bill Lumberghfrom “Office Space”
Conformity is the only model that is not deviant
Merton’s Structural Strain Theory- Innovation
Innovation- using unconventional means to achieve a culturally approved goal.
How does this apply to the goal of making money?
Innovation- Peter Gibbons from “Office Space”
Merton’s Structural Strain Theory- Ritualism
Ritualism-abandon cultural goals but continue to act out the approved means.
How does this apply to the goal of making money?
Ritualism- Milton Waddams from “Office Space”
Merton’s Structural Strain Theory- Retreatism
Retreatism- reject both cultural goals and approved means. “drop out”
How does this apply to the goal of making money?
Merton’s Structural Strain Theory- Rebellion
Rebellion- rebels go beyond retreatism by advocating radical alternatives to the existing social order.
How does this apply to the goal of making money?
Merton’s Structural Strain Theory
Goals Means
Conformity Accept Accept
Innovation Accept Reject
Ritualism Reject Accept
Retreatism Reject Reject
Rebellion Replace Replace
Apply Merton’s Structural Strain Theory to school.
Goals Means
Conformity Accept Accept
Innovation Accept Reject
Ritualism Reject Accept
Retreatism Reject Reject
Rebellion Replace Replace
Symbolic Interaction Analysis of Deviance Labeling Theory
Sutherland’s Differential Association Theory
Hirshi’s Control Theory
Symbolic Interaction Analysis- Labeling Theory
The assertion that deviance and conformity result, not only from what people do, but from how others respond to those actions.
The same behavior may be defined in different ways.
Are you deviant if you speed but don’t get caught?
Symbolic Interaction Analysis- Labeling Theory
Primary deviance Secondary Deviance Stigma Retrospective Labeling Medicalization of Deviance
Significance?
S.I. Analysis- Sutherland’s Differential Association
A person’s tendency towards conformity or deviance depends upon relative contact with others who encourage conventional behavior versus those who do not.
S.I. Analysis- Hirshi’s Control Theory
Everyone finds some deviance tempting but there are four types of social control:
S.I. Analysis- Hirshi’s Control Theory
Everyone finds some deviance tempting but there are four types of social control: Attachment Commitment Involvement Belief
S.I. Analysis- Hirshi’s Control Theory Everyone finds some deviance tempting
but there are four types of social control: Attachment Commitment Involvement Belief
Apply this explanation to the Central Bucks 40 Assets Program
Social Conflict Analysis
Deviance and Power
Deviance and Capitalism
White-Collar Crime
In your notebook summarize the major principles of each topic and apply this theory to school:
Deviance and Power
Deviance and Capitalism
White-Collar Crime
Social Conflict- Deviance and Power
Norms reflect the interests of the rich and powerful
The powerful have the resources to resist deviant labels
Belief that laws are good and natural masks their political character.
Social Conflict- Deviance and Capitalism
People who threaten the property of others are prime candidates for deviant labels.
People who cannot or will not work are labeled deviant.
People who resist authority are labeled as deviant.
People who challenge the capitalist status quo are likely to be labeled deviant
Social Conflict- White Collar Crimes
Crimes committed by persons of high social position in the course of their occupations.
More likely to be tried in civil court rather than criminal court.
If convicted of criminal crimes they are less likely to go to jail.
Prevalence of WCC in the US
1. Credit Card Fraud
2. Embezzlement-State
3. Income Tax Fraud
4. Corporate Crime 5. Mail Fraud-
Federal
6. Computer Fraud 7. Bank Fraud-
Federal 8. Embezzlement-
Federal 9. Defrauding
Insurer 10. False
Advertising
Social Conflict- White Collar Crimes
The American business community lost $50 billion in 1980 to white-collar crime. This was nearly 10 times more than the monetary value of all forms of street crime.
Can also cause murder by neglect- pollution, product safet
Recently…
caption: Where our lying, cheating, stealing executives will most likely end up serving.
Deviance and Social Diversity
Deviance and GenderWhether people define a situation as deviance-and, if so, whose deviance it is- depends on the sex of both the audience and the actors.
Hate Crimes- a criminal act against a person or property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias.
Should there be federal hate-crimes legislation?
Crime and the Criminal Justice System
Crime is the violation of statues enacted into criminal law by a locality, state or the federal government.The Criminal Justice System is society’s formal response to crime
Crime
Components of Crime act and intent
Types of Crimeagainst the personagainst propertyvictimless crime
Criminals
According to the DOJ, the number of adults in the correctional population is increasing.
According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, on June 30, 2001…
1,965,495 prisoners were under Federal or State jurisdiction.
472 prison inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents -- up from 292 at yearend 1990.
The United States has more people in prison than any other country in the World.
What is the profile of an average “street” criminal?
According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, on June 30, 2001…
4,848 sentenced black male inmates per 100,000 black males in the United States
Compared to 1,668 sentenced Hispanic male inmates per 100,000 Hispanic males and
705 white male inmates per 100,000 white males.
Since 1989 there have been more federal drug cases than other cases.
Race and drug crimes 13 percent of regular drug users in this
country are black. 62.7 percent of drug offenders sent to
prison in 1996 were black, while 36.7 percent were white.
Nearly twice as many blacks are being imprisoned for drug offenses than are whites, even though there are five times more white drug users than black ones.
How can you explain the link between race and criminal prosecution?
Race and drug crimes Amount of powder cocaine needed to
trigger a federal 5-year mandatory minimum sentence: 500 grams
Amount of crack cocaine needed to trigger a federal 5-year mandatory minimum sentence: 5 grams
Blacks as percent of those arrested on crack charges: about 90
Whites as percent of those arrested on powder cocaine charges: 75
The Death Penalty
Since the death penalty was reinstated by the Supreme Court in 1976, white inmates have made up the majority of those under sentence of death.
However, a disproportionate number of blacks are sentenced to death.
Crime in a Global Perspective
Violent Crime in the United States is about five times of the rate in Europe.
ExplanationsIndividualityGun Ownership
The United States Leads the World in Firearm Violence
In 1998, 30,708 people in the United States died from firearm-related deaths.
In 1996, handguns were used to murder 2 people in New Zealand, 15 in Japan, 30 in Great Britain, 106 in Canada and 9,390 in the United States.
The Criminal Justice System
Reasons for Punishment
RetributionDeterrenceRehabilitationSocietal Protection
“The Prison Paradox”
Paradox- a statement that seems to contradict itself or conflicts with common sense but contains the truth.
“The Prison Paradox”
Explain the title of this article.
What does the author suggest about the effectiveness of prison and the best ways to deal with crime?
Punishment
How effective is punishment?
Criminal recidivism
Punishment- Criminal Recidivism
The US should focus more on punishment than rehabilitation of criminals.
Strongly Disagree
Strongly Agree
Somewhat Disagree
Somewhat Agree