Download - Socio gender & age
![Page 1: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 7:
Gender and Age
Prepared by:Siti Ameera Athirah Binti Abdullah D20110147731Dina Shazwani Binti Mahayuddin D20110147718
Ainul Hayati Binti Ariffin D20111047748Sarah Binti Mohd Shamsudin D20111047732
![Page 2: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Do women and men speak
differently??
Do children speakdifferently from
adults?
![Page 3: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Gender-exclusive speech
differences: non- Western
communities
![Page 4: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
-Women and men do not speak in exactly the same way as each other in community.
- For example: in the Amazon Indians, the language used by a child’s mother is different
from her father’s language because men marry outside their own tribe and each tribe
is distinguished by different language
![Page 5: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
-There are communities where the language is shared by women and men, but particular linguistic features occur only in the women’s
speech or only in the men’s speech.- Usually there are small differences in
pronunciation or word- shape (morphology).-Example: in Motana there are pronunciation
differences in the Gros Ventre American Indian tribe
-For example, women say [kja’tsa] for bread, but men say [dȝa’tsa]
![Page 6: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
-In some language likes Japanese, there are a lot of differences between the vocabulary
items used by women and men- The differences are more a matter of degrees of formality or politeness than
gender- The “men’s” forms are restricted to casual
contexts and considered macho or coarse, while the “women’s” forms are used by
everyone in public contexts.
![Page 7: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
- If a community is very hierarchical, for instance, and within each level of the
hierarchy men are more powerful than women, then linguistic differences between the speech of women and men may be just
one dimension of more extensive differences reflecting the social hierarchy as a whole.
- Example: Bengali society; a wife cannot called her husband by using his name. A wife should address by using the term ‘nokkhotro’
![Page 8: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Gender- preferential speech features:
Social dialect research
![Page 9: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
- In western communities, women and men do not use completely different forms.
- They use different quantities of frequencies of the same forms
- For example, women use more “–ing” pronunciations and fewer “–in”
pronunciations than men in the words like swimming and typing
![Page 10: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Gender and social class
![Page 11: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
-The linguistic features which differ in the speech of women and men in Western
communities are usually features which also distinguish the speech of people from
different social class.
- In every social class men use more vernacular forms than women.
- In the lowest and highest social groups, the women speech is closer to the man in the same group than to the women in other
groups.
- Across all social groups, women use more standard forms than men
![Page 12: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Explanations of women’s linguistic
behaviour
![Page 13: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
1) The social status explanation
-Women use more standard speech forms than men because they are more status-
conscious than men
- Women are more aware of the fact that the way they speak signals their social background
or social status in the community
![Page 14: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
2) Women’s role as guardian of society’s value
-Women use more standard forms than men points to the way society tends to expect
“better” behavior from women than men.
-Women are designated the role of modeling correct behavior in the community.
![Page 15: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
3) Subordinate groups must be polite
-a third explanation which has been proposed for women’s use of more standard forms is that people who are subordinate must be
polite.
![Page 16: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
4) Vernacular forms express machismo
-men prefer vernacular forms because they carry macho connotations of masculinity and
toughness.
- Standard forms tend to be associated with female and femininity.
![Page 17: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Some alternativeexplanations
![Page 18: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
1)How are women
categorised?
![Page 19: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
-‘women continue to be one of the mysteries of the universe’ - Shuy (1969)
- Researchers often used the woman’s husband’s occupation as a major criterion to differ their speech functions but the fact that
not all women marry man from the same social class has lead to the miscategorisation.
-Women tend to use standard forms possibly because of the standard form is an
appropriate form which reflected their social background accurately.
![Page 20: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
2) The influence of
the interviewer and
the context
![Page 21: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
- Interviewer can also give a big effect to the context.
- Women tend to be more cooperative conversationalist than men.
- Men tend to be less responsive to the speech of each others, and to their
conversational needs.
![Page 22: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
- This can be a reason why the interview context was differs between women and
men.- Men will be more comfortable then women
in such circumstances as male solidarity would reduce the formality of the context
which might account for their greater use of vernacular forms.
- Women’s greater use of standard speech forms may be a reflection on their sensitivity
to contextual factors which reflected the social distance of interaction with a stranger.
Most of the interviewers who collected the social data discussed were male.
![Page 23: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
This proves that the forms differs in women’s and men’s speech to the relationship between the people concerned in the
context in which they are operating. Women characterize as status-conscious individuals
who use more standard speech forms to ensure they are perceived as socially
statusful.
![Page 24: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Age- graded features
of speech
![Page 25: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
- Research has proved that speech can differs the age of a speaker.
- It can be divided into two aspects:
1) Voice pitch
2) Vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar
![Page 26: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
1)Voice pitch
- Male voices generally sound lower in pitch than women’s.
- Adult voices also sound deeper than children’s.
- However, this can be overlap between women and men as there will always be
some women whose natural speaking pitch is deeper than the men in a
community. - For the social and cultural factors, it is
more masculine for men to speak with a lower-pitched voice.
- So, this is one of the reason why young boys often develop this masculine feature
by using vernacular forms.
![Page 27: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
2) Vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar
- The frequency of swear words was minimize as people move into adulthood.
- Slang can also act as one of the aspect
which reflect persons’ age.
- Current slang of young people may sounds odd to the older person.
- It signals the membership of a particular group according to their speech.
![Page 28: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Age and social
dialect data
![Page 29: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
- For the social dialect cases suggest that they are high in childhood and
adolescence.
- and then steadily reduce as people approach middle age
- and once again increases in old age characterized by vernacular forms.
![Page 30: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Age grading and
language change
![Page 31: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
- Age and speech patterns are important to notice how easy it is too confuse patterns of language change with speech patterns which vary with different age groups.
![Page 32: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Socio gender & age](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022020102/568c34361a28ab02358f9ace/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)