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SESSION III
SOCIOLOGICALINVESTIGATION
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What are we going to learnin this session?
Why do we need sociologicalinvestigation?
Sociological research terminology
The scientific logic (correlation andcausation)
Sociological framework An introduction to social research
methods
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What is TRUTH?
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Forms of Truth
Belief or faith
Expert testimony
Simple agreement Science
Logical system that bases knowledge on
direct systematic observation
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Terminology (1)
ConceptsA mental construct thatrepresents some part of the world in asimplified form
VariablesConcepts whose valueschange from case to case
MeasurementA procedure fordetermining the value of a variable in aspecific case
Operationalizing a variableSpecifyingexactly what is to be measured beforeassigning a value to a variable
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Terminology (2)
ReliabilityConsistency inmeasurement Does an instrument provide for a consistent
measure of the subject matter?
ValidityPrecision in measuringexactly what one intends to measure
Does an instrument actually measure what itsets out to measure?
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Causation
Cause and effect A relationship in which change in one variable causes
change in another
Types of variables
Independent: The variable that causes the change Dependent: The variable that changes (its value
depends upon the independent variable)
Correlation
A relationship by which two or more variables change
together
Spurious correlation
An apparent, though false, relationship between two or
more variables caused by some other variable
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CorrelationDoes Not Mean Causation
Conditions for cause and effect to beconsidered Existence of a correlation
The independent (causal) variableprecedes the dependent variable intime.
No evidence suggests that a thirdvariable is responsible for a spuriouscorrelation between the two originalvariables.
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The Sociological Framework
Positivist sociology The study of society based on systematic
observation of social behavior
Empirical evidenceInformation we can verifywith our senses
Interpretive sociology The study of society that focuses on the
meanings people attach to their social world
Critical sociology The study of society that focuses on the need
for change
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The Sociological Framework
Positivist neutral,objectivity.
InterpretiveWebersconcept ofverstehen,subjectivity.
Critical emancipatory,rejects objectivity.
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EXERCISE
Sebuah tawuran terjadi antara warga kampungX dan kampung Y. Berdasarkan pengamatan,tawuran dipicu oleh hal sepele, yaitu senggolanmotor antar pemuda. Sebagian besar para
pelaku tawuran adalah para pemudapengangguran dan memiliki tingkat pendidikanrendah. Ketika diwawancarai, beberapadiantaranya menyatakan bahwa tawuran dipicukarena warga kampung Y yang menyenggolmotor warga kampung X menolak untukmeminta maaf. Selain itu, ada juga yang
berkomentar bahwa tawuran juga dipicu olehadanya perebutan lahan parkir dan pekerjaandi sebuah mall yang berdiri disekitar keduakampung.
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Social Research Method
Ethical Guideline Must strive to be technically competent& fair-minded
Must disclose findings in full withoutomitting significant data & be willing to
share their data Must protect the safety, rights, and
privacy of subjects Must obtain informed consent; subjects
are aware of of risks andresponsibilities and agree Must disclose all sources of funding &
avoid conflicts of interest Must demonstrate cultural sensitivity
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I. Experiment
ExperimentA research method forinvestigating cause and effect underhighly controlled conditions
HypothesisAn unverified statementof a relationship between variables(an educated guess)
Hawthorne effectA change in asubject's behavior caused by theawareness of being studied
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The Importance of Control
To be certain that the change in thedependent variable was due to theexposure to the independent variable, the
researcher must keep constant otherfactors that might intrude.
One method is to break group intoexperimental and control groups.
Experimental group is exposed to independentvariable.
Control group is exposed to a placebo.
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II. Survey Research
Definition: A research method in which subjectsrespond to a series of statements orquestions in a questionnaire or interview
Population The people who are the focus of the research
Sample The part of the population that represents the
whole
Random Sample Drawing a sample from a population so that every
element of the population has an equal chance ofbeing selected
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Questionnaire
Definition: A series of written questionsthat a researcher presents to subjects
Closed-ended
A series of fixed responses; easy to analyzebut narrows range of responses
Open-ended Free response; broadens range of responses
but harder to analyze
Most surveys are self-administered;pre-testing can avoid costly problems
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Other Social Research Methods
Interview
A series of questions that a researcheradministers in person
Participant observation
A research method in whichinvestigators systematically observe
people while joining in their routineactivities
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10 Steps in Social Research
1. Select and define topic2. Review the literature3. Develop key questions to ask4. Assess requirements for study5. Consider ethical issues6. Select a research methodology7. Collect the data8. Interpret the findings9. State conclusions10.Publish the findings
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Lying with Statistics
Data selection
Data might not be the whole truth.
Data interpretation
As if numbers can only mean one thing
Use of graphs to spin the truth
Manipulating timeframes on graphs
Using scale to inflate or deflate a trend
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Thank You!
Any questions?