SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT ROADMAP 2016-2022 Volume 1
ISSN No. 2508-0938
Published by
Department of Agriculture
BUREAU OF SOILS AND WATER MANAGEMENT
SRDC Building, Elliptical Road cor. Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City
Copyright © 2016
ISSN: 2508-0938
Tel : + 632 9204318
+ 632 9230478
+ 632 9204378
Email : http:\\da.bswm.gov.ph
Bureau of Soils and Water Management
Soil and Water Resources Research
and Development Roadmap
Bureau of Soils and Water Management
Soil and Water Resources Research
and Development Roadmap
2016 – 2022
Volume 1
2016
Bureau of Soils and Water Management
Soil and Water Resources Research
and Development Roadmap
Agricultural research and development is a major factor in strengthening the Department of
Agriculture’s competitive advantage. It does not only allow us to identify opportunities for
development, but also enable us to utilize our strengths in technology ge
There is a serious call to look for sustainable technologies and approaches on soil and water
resources management. The Department of Agriculture through the Bureau of Soils and Water
Management presents the BSWM Soil and Water Res
Roadmap (2016-2022), to address global and national challenges on food security and environmental
protection.
As improper type, amount, timing and method of fertilizer application threatens soil fertility, water
quality and food safety, coupled with issues related to water
climate that bring about problems in crop production and food supply; we are now looking for
effective strategies to address these problems. We must present this ro
community development planners and policy makers to enable them to understand the call for
increased budget on soil and water
and policy interface. Extensive involvement of
implementation is also critical in the harmonization of efforts on resources management. It is only
through strengthened collaboration and partnership during the R&D roadmap implementation that
we could fully optimize the utilization of our soil and water resources and ensure that the future
generations could still benefit from the goods and services that these vital resources can provide.
With this, I encourage stakeholders to expand our perception in a
The role of support sectors must be intensified and technology demonstrations maximized. Through
institutionalization, empowerment and capacity building , we could achieve the fruits of our hard
work.
We must think of this as our legacy. And we owe it to our future generation.
As a native American proverb goes,
our children.”
Again, I commend the BSWM for preparing this vital instrument. I would like to
and agricultural centers and all other researchers for actively engaging in the series of consultation
meetings in formulating this R&D roadmap on soil and water resources.
PROCESO J. ALACALA Secretary
Message
gricultural research and development is a major factor in strengthening the Department of
Agriculture’s competitive advantage. It does not only allow us to identify opportunities for
development, but also enable us to utilize our strengths in technology generation and innovation.
There is a serious call to look for sustainable technologies and approaches on soil and water
resources management. The Department of Agriculture through the Bureau of Soils and Water
Management presents the BSWM Soil and Water Resources Research and Development (R&D)
2022), to address global and national challenges on food security and environmental
As improper type, amount, timing and method of fertilizer application threatens soil fertility, water
ity and food safety, coupled with issues related to water-induced soil erosion and changing
climate that bring about problems in crop production and food supply; we are now looking for
effective strategies to address these problems. We must present this roadmap to researchers,
community development planners and policy makers to enable them to understand the call for
increased budget on soil and water-related programs and projects and ensure operational science
and policy interface. Extensive involvement of farmers and stakeholders in every stride of program
implementation is also critical in the harmonization of efforts on resources management. It is only
through strengthened collaboration and partnership during the R&D roadmap implementation that
ully optimize the utilization of our soil and water resources and ensure that the future
generations could still benefit from the goods and services that these vital resources can provide.
With this, I encourage stakeholders to expand our perception in analyzing our present conditions.
The role of support sectors must be intensified and technology demonstrations maximized. Through
institutionalization, empowerment and capacity building , we could achieve the fruits of our hard
s as our legacy. And we owe it to our future generation.
As a native American proverb goes, “We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from
Again, I commend the BSWM for preparing this vital instrument. I would like to
and agricultural centers and all other researchers for actively engaging in the series of consultation
meetings in formulating this R&D roadmap on soil and water resources.
i
gricultural research and development is a major factor in strengthening the Department of
Agriculture’s competitive advantage. It does not only allow us to identify opportunities for
neration and innovation.
There is a serious call to look for sustainable technologies and approaches on soil and water
resources management. The Department of Agriculture through the Bureau of Soils and Water
ources Research and Development (R&D)
2022), to address global and national challenges on food security and environmental
As improper type, amount, timing and method of fertilizer application threatens soil fertility, water
induced soil erosion and changing
climate that bring about problems in crop production and food supply; we are now looking for
admap to researchers,
community development planners and policy makers to enable them to understand the call for
related programs and projects and ensure operational science
farmers and stakeholders in every stride of program
implementation is also critical in the harmonization of efforts on resources management. It is only
through strengthened collaboration and partnership during the R&D roadmap implementation that
ully optimize the utilization of our soil and water resources and ensure that the future
generations could still benefit from the goods and services that these vital resources can provide.
nalyzing our present conditions.
The role of support sectors must be intensified and technology demonstrations maximized. Through
institutionalization, empowerment and capacity building , we could achieve the fruits of our hard
“We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from
Again, I commend the BSWM for preparing this vital instrument. I would like to thank the divisions
and agricultural centers and all other researchers for actively engaging in the series of consultation
Research and development (R &
development and modernization of the agriculture and fisheries sector.
Without proper support to this key area, increased agricultural productivity will remain to
be unseen. In particular, R &D initiati
management should be supported intensively considering the following critical concerns:
soil fertility decline, soil erosion, soil pollution, drought, flooding, soil biodiversity loss and
the negative impacts of climate change.
With the internal and external challenges ahead of us that include the completion of
rationalization plan, conflicting land use policies and ASEAN economic integration; the R&
roadmap also addresses these concerns by putting sufficient emphasis on enhancement of
technical capacities of research personnel through comprehensive capacity building
program and development of scientific career system. To complement the development
human resources, I will also give priority on upgrading of field and laboratory equipment
and facilities which is vital if we want to come
quality-tested technologies (SQTs) that will have positive impacts not
community but also in uplifting the quality of life of Filipino farmers.
Let us remember that the formulation of this R&D roadmap is just the beginning. Together,
we should put our hearts and minds to fully realize its envisaged outc
we have the great responsibility to Save Our Soil (S.O.S) and protect its health not only in
this year’s celebration of the International Year of Soils but in the succeeding years to come.
Lastly, I would like to commend Dr. Edna D
and thank all division and research center chiefs, and committed staff for the active
participation and substantial inputs in this significant undertaking.
Magandang Lupa at Buhay sa ating lahat!
DR. SILVINO Q. TEJADA, CESO III
Director
Message
Research and development (R & D) plays a pivotal role in determining the pace of
development and modernization of the agriculture and fisheries sector.
Without proper support to this key area, increased agricultural productivity will remain to
be unseen. In particular, R &D initiatives on sustainable soil and water resources
management should be supported intensively considering the following critical concerns:
soil fertility decline, soil erosion, soil pollution, drought, flooding, soil biodiversity loss and
climate change.
With the internal and external challenges ahead of us that include the completion of
rationalization plan, conflicting land use policies and ASEAN economic integration; the R&
roadmap also addresses these concerns by putting sufficient emphasis on enhancement of
technical capacities of research personnel through comprehensive capacity building
program and development of scientific career system. To complement the development
human resources, I will also give priority on upgrading of field and laboratory equipment
and facilities which is vital if we want to come-up with novel knowledge and scientific and
tested technologies (SQTs) that will have positive impacts not only to the research
community but also in uplifting the quality of life of Filipino farmers.
Let us remember that the formulation of this R&D roadmap is just the beginning. Together,
we should put our hearts and minds to fully realize its envisaged outcomes. On a larger note,
we have the great responsibility to Save Our Soil (S.O.S) and protect its health not only in
this year’s celebration of the International Year of Soils but in the succeeding years to come.
Lastly, I would like to commend Dr. Edna D. Samar for providing the overall coordination
and thank all division and research center chiefs, and committed staff for the active
participation and substantial inputs in this significant undertaking.
Magandang Lupa at Buhay sa ating lahat!
SILVINO Q. TEJADA, CESO III
ii
D) plays a pivotal role in determining the pace of
Without proper support to this key area, increased agricultural productivity will remain to
ves on sustainable soil and water resources
management should be supported intensively considering the following critical concerns:
soil fertility decline, soil erosion, soil pollution, drought, flooding, soil biodiversity loss and
With the internal and external challenges ahead of us that include the completion of
rationalization plan, conflicting land use policies and ASEAN economic integration; the R& D
roadmap also addresses these concerns by putting sufficient emphasis on enhancement of
technical capacities of research personnel through comprehensive capacity building
program and development of scientific career system. To complement the development of
human resources, I will also give priority on upgrading of field and laboratory equipment
up with novel knowledge and scientific and
only to the research
Let us remember that the formulation of this R&D roadmap is just the beginning. Together,
omes. On a larger note,
we have the great responsibility to Save Our Soil (S.O.S) and protect its health not only in
this year’s celebration of the International Year of Soils but in the succeeding years to come.
. Samar for providing the overall coordination
and thank all division and research center chiefs, and committed staff for the active
I would like to congratulate everybody responsible in the conceptualization and realization
of the BSWM R and D Roadmap.
At these trying times when Philippine agriculture is faced with various environmental and
social challenges such as land degradation, climate change, loss of agricultural biodiversity ,
and diminishing productive agricultural lands, among others ; there is
develop appropriate and effective measures and strategies to address such challenges.
The BSWM R & D Roadmap is a result of a series of consultations with the BSWM pool of
technical experts. It aims to identify, harmonize and prioritize researchable areas on soil
and water management, and effectively implement such. It shall serve as a guide of all
scientific researches and other technical activities within the agency in line with the
mandate of the Bureau of Soils and Water Management in particular, and the Department of
Agriculture in general; and, most significantly, in conjunction with the celebrati
International Year of Soils with the theme “Healthy Soils for a Healthy Life”.
The BSWM R & D Road Map aims to be the effective and perfect tool in the BSWM’s pursuit
of its vision to be the center of excellence for soil and water management in
for the years to come. Through its implementation, we expect to be on the right track to
address all these concerns; to offer solutions in sustaining our healthy soils while providing
nutritious food on the table of each and every Filipino
vision a reality.
Again, my warmest greetings to one and all!
SONIA M. SALGUERO
Assistant Director, and
Chairperson, Research and Development Studies Review Committee
Message
I would like to congratulate everybody responsible in the conceptualization and realization
of the BSWM R and D Roadmap.
At these trying times when Philippine agriculture is faced with various environmental and
social challenges such as land degradation, climate change, loss of agricultural biodiversity ,
and diminishing productive agricultural lands, among others ; there is
develop appropriate and effective measures and strategies to address such challenges.
D Roadmap is a result of a series of consultations with the BSWM pool of
technical experts. It aims to identify, harmonize and prioritize researchable areas on soil
and water management, and effectively implement such. It shall serve as a guide of all
entific researches and other technical activities within the agency in line with the
mandate of the Bureau of Soils and Water Management in particular, and the Department of
Agriculture in general; and, most significantly, in conjunction with the celebrati
International Year of Soils with the theme “Healthy Soils for a Healthy Life”.
The BSWM R & D Road Map aims to be the effective and perfect tool in the BSWM’s pursuit
of its vision to be the center of excellence for soil and water management in
for the years to come. Through its implementation, we expect to be on the right track to
address all these concerns; to offer solutions in sustaining our healthy soils while providing
nutritious food on the table of each and every Filipino. Let us work together to make this
Again, my warmest greetings to one and all!
Chairperson, Research and Development Studies Review Committee
iii
I would like to congratulate everybody responsible in the conceptualization and realization
At these trying times when Philippine agriculture is faced with various environmental and
social challenges such as land degradation, climate change, loss of agricultural biodiversity ,
and diminishing productive agricultural lands, among others ; there is an urgent need to
develop appropriate and effective measures and strategies to address such challenges.
D Roadmap is a result of a series of consultations with the BSWM pool of
technical experts. It aims to identify, harmonize and prioritize researchable areas on soil
and water management, and effectively implement such. It shall serve as a guide of all
entific researches and other technical activities within the agency in line with the
mandate of the Bureau of Soils and Water Management in particular, and the Department of
Agriculture in general; and, most significantly, in conjunction with the celebration of the
International Year of Soils with the theme “Healthy Soils for a Healthy Life”.
The BSWM R & D Road Map aims to be the effective and perfect tool in the BSWM’s pursuit
of its vision to be the center of excellence for soil and water management in the Philippines
for the years to come. Through its implementation, we expect to be on the right track to
address all these concerns; to offer solutions in sustaining our healthy soils while providing
. Let us work together to make this
iv
BSWM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (RDS) REVIEW COMMITTEE
Special Order No. 40 s. 2015
Adviser : Director Silvino Q. Tejada, CESO III
Chairperson : Asst. Director Sonia M. Salguero
Vice- Chairperson : Dr. Edna D. Samar Chief, Soil and Water Resources Research Division
Members :
Dr. Gina P. Nilo Chief, Laboratory Services Division Mr. Rodelio B. Carating OIC, Geomatics and Soil Information Technology Division Engr. Samuel M. Contreras Chief, Soil Conservation Management Division Engr. Teresita S. Sandoval Chief, Water Resources Management Division Mr. Dominciano D. Ramos, Jr. Chief, Soils Survey Division Mr. Elmer B. Borre Chief, Agricultural Land Management and Evaluation Division Ms. Mercedes S. Fernando Chief, NSWRRDC LUPEZ Dr. Gavino Isagani P. Urriza Chief, NSWRRDC Hillyland PEZ Mr. Henry A. Apolinares Chief, NSWRRDC-HPEZ Ms. Karen S. Bautista Focal Person, Organic Agriculture
Functions :
1. Recommend areas for priority researches;
2. Review and evaluate proposals for R & D studies;
3. Review and evaluate on-going R & D studies; and
4. Review completed R & D studies and recommend BSWM entries to National
Research Symposium and other inviting organizations.
v
A C K N O W L E D G M E N T
The Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) recognized the important
contributions of the Research and Development Studies (RDS) Review Committee
members and their staff in crafting this vital document. The inputs of the external
evaluators also provided guidance in the preparation of such. We acknowledge the
inputs the experts who have excelled in their respective fields, they are –
Dr. Candido B. Damo – Consultant, Department of Agriculture
Dr. Antonio G. Gerundio – DA Corn Program
Ms. Reichelle Celerico – DA Planning
Ms. Lina V. Dimal – DA Finance
Dr. Cesar P. Mamaril – Adviser Emeritus, Philippine Society
of Soil Science & Technology
Dr. Rodolfo Ilao – Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural
Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD)
Dr. Santiago R. Obien – DA RICE Program
Mr. Isagani R. Serrano – Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement
Appreciation also goes to all the partners in the National Soil and Water Research
and Development/ Extension (RD/E) Network for their insights during the
consultation process. Likewise, the support of the academe and the private sector
representatives enriched the finalization of the document.
Moreover, the BSWM highly appreciates the encouragement and valuable support of
Secretary Proceso J. Alcala in the formulation of the Soil and Water Resources
Research and Development Roadmap.
Lastly, the BSWM is thankful to all Filipinos who in one way or another have shown
care for our soil and water resources. Truly, God has given us freely the soil and
water resources for us to become good stewards of these resources, and be a legacy
to the future generations.
vi
VOLUME 1
CONTENTS Page
MESSAGES i
RDS REVIEW COMMITTEE iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT v
LIST OF FIGURES vii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix
1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………. 1
1.1 Rationale ………………………………………………………………………. 1
1.2 The State of Soil and Water Resources in the Philippines …………….. 3
1.2.1 Soil Resources
1.2.2 Water Resources
1.3 Framework for the Formulation of Soil and Water Resources
Research and Development Roadmap ……………………………………….… 8
1.4 Process of Formulation of Soil and Water Resources Research
And Development Roadmap ……………………………………………………… 9
2. THE BUREAU OF SOILS AND WATER MANAGEMENT ………………… 11
2.1 Vision, Mandate, and Core Functions
2.2 Soil and Water R & D Equipment and Facilities
2.3 Soil and Water R & D Manpower ………………………………………… 12
2.4 R & D Networking and Linkages ………………………………………….. 13
3. R & D CHALLENGES TO THE BSWM …………………………………………… 15
3. 1 The Approved Rationalization Plan
3.2 R&D Thematic Programs …………………………………………………….. 16
3.3 Updating the Soil and Water Resources Research
and Development/Extension Agenda ………………………………….. 17
3.4 The National Action Plan – Desertification Land Degradation
and Drought (2015-2025) aligned to the UNCCD Strategy …….. 18
3.5 The National SSIP Master Plan 2016-2022 …………………………... 20
3.6 Organic Agriculture ……………………………………………………………… 22
3.7 DA-BSWM Commitment to Supreme Court Ruling
on Manila Bay Clean Up, Rehabilitation and Restoration ………. 24
3.8 Rain Stimulation (Cloudseeding) …………………………………………. 26
3.9 Mainstreaming Gender and Development ……………………………. 27
4 STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS …………. 27
5 STRATEGIES ………………………………………………………………………………… 30
6 SOIL AND WATER R & D DIRECTION (2016-2022) ………………………….. 35
Targeted Soil and Water R & D Studies 2016 – 2022
7 REFERENCES
Appendix Table
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1 - Soil Health as it Affects Crops and Livestock Health and
Quality of Life ………………………………………………………………….. 4
Fig. 2 - The Framework for the Soil and Water Resources R & D Roadmap … 8
Fig. 3 - The Process in the Formulation of the Soil and Water
Resources R & D Roadmap …………………………………………………………… 10
Fig. 4 - BSWM’s Organizational Structure and Staffing ……..………….…………….. 13
Fig. 5 - Organic Agriculture R&D Framework …………………………………………. 23
Fig. 6 - The BSWM R&D Approach to Address Natural Resources
Management and Sustainable Land Management
for Sustainable Agriculture ………………………………………..……………….. 31
viii
VOLUME 2
LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex A Soil and Water Resources Research Division ……………………...……….. A-1
Annex B National Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Center
for Lowland-Upland Pedo-Ecological Zone (NSWRRDC LUPEZ)…….. B-1
Annex C National Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Center
for Hillyland Pedo-Ecological Zone (NSWWRDC Hillyland PEZ) ….….. C-1
Annex D National Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Center
for Highland Pedo-Ecological Zone (NSWRRDC Highland PEZ) ………. D-1
Annex E Soils Survey Division ……………………..…………….. ……..…………. E-1
Annex F Water Resources Management Division ……………….….…………………… F-1
Annex G Soil Conservation Management Division ……………………………..…………. G-1
Annex H Agricultural Land Management Evaluation Division ……………………… H-1
Annex I Laboratory Services Division ……………….………………………………..………. I-1
Annex J Geomatics and Soil Information Technology Division ………………….… J-1
Annex K Summary R&D Budget of BSWM 2016-2022 …………………..……………… K-1
ix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Soils and water resources are basic resources that have important functions in
ensuring food security and providing essential ecosystem goods and services. The
deteriorating quality of soil and water are serious concerns not just for food and
water security but also for environmental integrity.
The Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) is the Nationally Mandated
Authority on Soils and Water Management for Agriculture. The core function of
BSWM is Research and Development. Soil survey, fertility mapping, soil/land
evaluation and crop suitability, soil and water conservation and management are
mandated tasks that the Bureau shall continue to pursue cognizant of changing
climate, land degradation and soil biodiversity loss. In recent years, it has inevitably
expanded its role to cover R&D on the soil/ land and water environment in pursuit
of growing concern for healthy soil for a healthy life.
The BSWM Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap is
formulated as a planning tool to identify and prioritize programs, researchable areas
and specific studies that will be carried out for the next seven (7) years (2016-
2022). Inasmuch as the regular budget is limited to conduct high impact R&D
studies, it is envisioned that this roadmap will give leverage in exploring external
fund sources (local, bilateral and multilateral agencies).
In the formulation of the BSWM SWRR&D Roadmap (2016-2022), several plans and
programs developed at the national level and in response to international
commitment like the NAP-DLDD (2015-2025) were reviewed to assess sectoral gaps
and needs that could be addressed by R&D. Likewise, global initiatives relevant to
soil and water resources R& D were reviewed particularly those tagged/identified as
Global Soil Biodiversity Initiatives and Global/ Asia Soil Partnership. The strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis and consultative meetings/
brainstorming were carried out to analyze major soil and water constraints that
need to be addressed for the next seven years. Both top-down and bottom-up
x
approaches were used to come-up with strategic programs, researchable areas and
specific studies that will serve as inputs in the updating of the Soil and Water
Resources RD/E Agenda CY 2017-2022. To firm up the R&D roadmap, sectoral
consultations with the academe, private sector, non-government organizations
(NGOs), and people organizations (POs) were undertaken.
The BSWM Soil and Water R & D Roadmap for 2016 to 2022 covers the following
thematic programs:
1. Soil health mapping, improvement and management;
2. Conservation and management of soil biodiversity;
3. Organic agriculture;
4. Mitigation of soil and water pollution;
5. Effective watershed management for improved agricultural productivity;
6. Assessment of soil erosion and sedimentation;
7. Soil and water conservation and management;
8. Enhancement of rainwater harvesting and utilization;
9. Water resources development and water productivity enhancement;
10. Soil and water resources database and system development;
11. Laboratory test methods validation and verification;
12. Cross-cutting concerns (i.e. conduct of impact assessment studies and
policy researches; climate change mitigation and adaptation)
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 1
1.1 Rationale
SSSoil is a non-renewable resource that has important functions in ensuring food
security and providing essential ecosystem goods and services. It holds a quarter of
the total planet’s biodiversity and store and filter water thereby improving
resilience to droughts and
floods. Moreover, it has an
important role in climate
change mitigation and
adaptation by playing a key
role in the carbon cycle.
Aside from these
ecosystem functions, soils
are the foundation for
vegetation which is
cultivated or managed for food, feed, fuel and medicinal plants.
Despite this significance of soils in sustaining human life, it is often undervalued or
sometimes disregarded. Due to anthropogenic activities such as monoculture,
unsustainable land use and production practices, deforestation, weak land use policy
environment, encroachment of upland areas for human settlement and rapid
urbanization, our soils are now in danger. At the global level, 33% of the soils in the
world are already degraded. At the national level, 38% or 11.44 million hectares of
our soils are moderately to severely degraded while 2.6 million hectares are already
in the advanced state of degradation and could be considered as hotspots.
The Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) is the Nationally Mandated
Authority on Soils and Water Management for Agriculture. The core function of
Soil in Hands (Source: https://contentzone-bonnieplants1.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/soil-in-hands.jpg)
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 2
BSWM is Research and Development (R&D). The Bureau formulates measures
and guidelines for the effective utilization of soil and water resources as vital
agricultural resources to attain food security and safety, environmental stability
through soil and water resources-based adaptation and mitigation measures that
address multi-environmental concerns on land degradation, climate change, and
agricultural biodiversity conservation. In addition, the BSWM serves as the
Philippine Focal Point Agency of the United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification (UNCCD) and Chair of the Land and Water Resources Sub-
committees under the Committee of Conservation and Management of Resources for
Development (CCMRD) of the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development
(PCSD).
With the aforementioned significant role of BSWM on soil and water resources
conservation and management and its core function on R&D, it is therefore
imperative to develop an R&D roadmap that will serve as a planning tool to identify
and prioritize programs, researchable areas and specific studies that will be carried
out for the next seven (7) years (2016-2022). Inasmuch as the regular budget is
limited to conduct high impact R&D studies, it is envisioned that this roadmap will
give leverage in exploring external fund sources (local, bilateral and multilateral
agencies).
This document will address major soil constraints such as soil erosion, soil fertility
decline, soil pollution, reduction in soil biodiversity, water degradation, flooding and
drought. In addition, it will be an important input in the updating of the National Soil
and Water Resources RD/E Agenda CY 2017-2022 in collaboration with other
national government agencies, state colleges and universities and civil society
organizations. It is envisioned that the implementation of R&D studies indicated in
this roadmap will contribute to the reduction of extent and intensity of land
degradation in selected areas of the Philippines.
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 3
1.2 The State of Soil and Water Resources in the Philippines
The state of Philippine soils is discussed in the BSWM and Bureau of Agricultural
Research publication of the Soil and Water Resources Research and Development/
Extension Agenda 2011-2016. The National Action Plan – Desertification Land
Degradation and Drought (NAP-DLDD) FY 2015-2025 provided more recent update
and is summarized herein.
1.2.1 Soil Resources
The Philippines is well endowed with land/soil resources and is known to host
many interesting habitats that are biologically diverse composed of universally
unique biological plants and animal life. It is a very significant natural resource
that provides productive, ecological and socio-cultural services. In particular, soil
has an excellent carbon sequestration capacity. World’s soils hold more organic
carbon than that held by the atmosphere as CO2 and vegetation combined
(United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification {UNCCD} Thematic Fact
Sheet series no.1).
It is crucial to look at the
quality or health of soils and
undertake strategies for its
sustainable conservation
and management. Soil
health is the integration and
optimization of the physical,
chemical and biological
properties of soil for
Improved productivity and
environmental quality (Canqui et al, 2009). A healthy soil has the following
characteristics: a) good soil tilth; b) sufficient depth; c) sufficient but not excess
supply of nutrients; d) small population of plant pathogens and insect pests; e)
good soil drainage; f) large population of beneficial micro-organisms; g) low
weed pressure; h) free of chemicals and toxins that may harm the crop;
Land Degradation (http://www.unep.org/newscentre/Default.aspx?DocumentID=2756&ArticleID=10681)
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 4
i) resistant to degradation and j) resilient even when unfavourable conditions
occur.
The health of crops and livestock; and quality of human life is dependent on the
health of land/soil resources (Figure 1). Higher crop yield and livestock health
could be attained when soils are healthy. When soils are not functioning to its full
capacity, more inputs in the form of chemicals such as herbicides are needed to
suppress weeds; or nematicides to control soil borne pathogens. In the case of
other soil constraints like soil compaction, more fuel is needed to run farm
machineries for increased tillage. Consequently, if these soil constraints are not
addressed properly, degradation would lead to soil productivity decline and
consequently result to food insecurity and increase in poverty incidence in
affected areas.
Figure 1. Soil health as it affects crop and livestock health and quality of life.
Despite the importance of
soils, degradation
continues to occur. Soil
degradation is considered
as one of this century’s
most insidious and under-
acknowledged challenges
(Montgomery, 2012). At
present, 33% of the soils in
Healthy Soils/Lands
Healthy Crops and Livestock
Healthy Life
Soil productivity loss due to land degradation (Source: http://www.isric.org/sites/default/files/Very%20poor%20managed%20maize.JPG)
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 5
the world are considered degraded and around two (2) hectares of soils are
converted every minute due to rapid urbanization. In the Philippines, agriculture
alone contributes about 457 million metric tons per year soil loss (FAO database).
Various forms, sources and severity of land/soil degradation occurred in the last
five decades due to natural, anthropogenic and policy-related causes. The Land
Degradation Assessment (LADA) project report (2013) indicated that the major
types of land degradation in the Philippines are water-induced soil erosion and
chemical degradation (soil fertility decline). In this project, land degradation
hotspots were identified based on a set of criteria.
The concept of hotspots was drawn from the context of a recently completed FAO-
funded project called Philippine Land Degradation Assessment and Climate Change
Adaptation (FAO/TCP/PHI/3302), which in turn is part of a LADA initiative under
the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Land use has been identified
as the single most important driver of land degradation, to which LADA adhered to
as its guiding principle. The mapping of Land Use Systems (LUS) therefore turned
out to be one of its major activities as it would become the basis for characterizing
the nature, extent and severity of land degradation. These LUS classes would then
become the basic units where to design, plan and implement interventions to
mitigate the impacts of land degradation processes.
Vulnerable areas to land degradation were identified from the 2010 LUS map
(Appendix Table 1). These were generally the sloping agricultural areas in the
uplands which are not practicing soil and water conservation measures, as most
upland agricultural areas would fit into this category based on available data).
Apparently, it would also include sloping areas with substantially minimal
vegetative cover or those denuded forests, shrubs and grasslands.
Hotspots were then selected from the vulnerable areas, those that were categorized
as requiring immediate interventions or priority areas for conservation measures.
Agricultural LUS characterised with severe erosion and with greater than 18%
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 6
slopes were all segregated as hotspots. Denuded forests, shrubs and grasslands with
slopes of more than 18% were also considered as hotspots.
1.2.2. Water Resources
Water resources is discussed in the
NAP DLDD FY 2015-2025 and
summarized herein. Water resources
availability, conservation, and
management greatly affect land use.
For a given use, water may impair or
enhance the potentials of land. For
example, erosion may seriously
decrease the agricultural productivity
of certain lands. Drainage and reclamation may, on the other hand, greatly enhance
the potentials of land resources.
The country obtains its water supply from rainfall, surface water sources (i.e. rivers,
lakes, human-made reservoirs) and groundwater. Rainfall serves as an important
water resource not only for rainfed but also for irrigated crops. However, it is highly
unpredictable and governed by chance phenomenon. Meanwhile, groundwater is a
reliable source as long as an efficient aquifer management is practiced. Rainfall and
groundwater are usually of good quality. Surface water remains as the most
important source of water to satisfy the total water demand due to its accessibility
and greater quantity. However, it is extremely variable and relatively poorer in
quality as it is easily affected by soil
erosion and agricultural, industrial and
domestic wastes.
The country is endowed with 421
principal rivers, whose watersheds
constitute 70% of the country's
terrestrial area. Of these, 18 with
Water resources (Source : http://southwestfarmpress.com/site-files/southwestfarmpress.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2012/08/water1.jpg)
River system (http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_i-
Aj4SdUPRw/THvAPmWgyyI/AAAAAAAAAHs/WX_6CGKkRh8/s1600/loboc.jpg)
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 7
drainage area greater than 1,400 sq. km are considered as major river basins by the
River Basin Control Office (RBCO). These major river basins already comprises 36%
of the total land mass of the country. The country also has 79 natural lakes and
several man-made reservoirs formed from the construction of large storage dams.
The country also has an extensive groundwater reservoir with an aggregate area of
about 50,000 sq. km (Greenpeace Southeast Asia, 2007). This value, however, is only
equivalent to the shallow well areas estimated by NWRC (1982) and does not
include the 123,000 sq. km classified as deep well areas. Replenishment of
groundwater comes from rain and seepage from rivers, lakes and reservoirs.
Access to safe and sufficient water is regarded as a fundamental human right and
therefore it must be equitably distributed to all. Yet, water insecurity remains
prevalent in some areas particularly in rural farming communities. Water-related
problems are considered as the most complex constraints to increasing food
production and socio-economic development. There are ‘pollution hotspots’ or areas
that generate the highest volume of water pollution and/or are severely affected by
water pollution. The discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater and
agricultural runoff has caused pollution of the receiving water bodies. The rapid
increases in population, urbanization and industrialization over the years have put
so many pressures on the biological and physical well-being of our water resources.
Human activities affect water resources in terms of water availability and
subsequent socio-economic risks. As water demand increases, water withdrawal
from both surface and groundwater sources and discharge of wastewater increases,
which cause the deterioration of water quality and a decrease in water availability
per capita and therefore more competition among sectors for every drop of water.
Meanwhile, these growth trends and human habitation patterns result to land use
changes that continuously degrade our watersheds and alter the hydrologic
processes. More overland flow or surface runoff and soil erosion and reduced
replenishment of groundwater become more prominent resulting to more floods
and siltation of water bodies and water scarcity during dry months, respectively.
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 8
1.3 Framework for the Formulation of the Soil and Water Resources
Research and Development Roadmap
The development of the Soil and Water Resources R&D Roadmap is guided by the
framework presented in Figure 2. R&D studies could be categorized based on
ecosystem, discipline or specialized concerns/needs. The National Soil and Water
Resources Research and Development Centers (NSWRRDCs) focus largely on R&D
studies which aim to generate and validate technologies which are specific to a given
pedo-ecological zone (i.e. lowland-upland, hillyland and highland).
In addition, R&D studies could also be carried out on generating novel
information/knowledge that will contribute to advancement of soil science
disciplines (i.e. soil biology, soil and water chemistry, soil physics and mineralogy).
Emerging and special concerns such as organic agriculture, soil/land & water
degradation, soil & water pollution reduction, SSIP and cloudseeding could also be
addressed by targeted R&D studies funded by DA banner programs, local and
foreign funding agencies.
Figure 2. The Framework for the Soil and Water Resources R & D Roadmap
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 9
1.4 Process of Formulation of the Soil and Water Resources Research and
Development Roadmap
In the formulation of the BSWM SWRR&D Roadmap (2016-2022), several plans and
programs developed at the national level and in response to international
commitment like the NAP-DLDD (2015-2025) were reviewed to assess sectoral gaps
and needs that could be addressed by R&D. Likewise, global initiatives relevant to
soil and water resources R& D were reviewed particularly those tagged/identified as
Global Soil Biodiversity Initiatives and Global/ Asia Soil Partnership.
The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis and
consultative meetings/ brainstorming were carried out to analyze major soil and
water constraints that need to be addressed for the next seven years. Both top-down
and bottom-up approaches were used to come-up with strategic programs,
researchable areas and specific studies that will serve as inputs in the updating of
the Soil and Water Resources RD/E Agenda CY 2017-2022. To firm up the R&D
roadmap, sectoral consultations will be undertaken to include the academe, private
sector, non-government organizations (NGOs), and people organizations (POs).
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 10
Figure 3. The Process in the Formulation of the Soil and Water Resources R&D Roadmap
INPUT 1. BSWM RP &
Existing organization & facilities
2. SWRRD/E 2011-2016
3. DA-RDEAP 2011-2015
4. NAP-DLDD 2015-2025
5. SSIP Masterplan 2014-2022
6. OPMBCS 2013-2017
7. DA-OA Program 8. Rice Industry
Roadmap 9. Medium Term
Proposed Soil and Water Resources Researches 2017-2022
Global/ Asia
initiatives &
partnership
OUTPUT
BSWM Soil & Water R & D Roadmap
(2016-2022)
Soil & Water R & D/E Agenda 2017-2022
PROCESS • Top-down • Bottom-up
Approach • Consultative
meetings – brainstorming
• SWOT Analysis • Workshops • Sectoral
consultations
Top-down – direct R & D based on national & international commitments
Bottom up - draw collegial commitment of researchers in the operating units
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 11
The Bureau of Soils was created under Republic Act No, 622. It was reorganized
through Executive Order 116 in January 1987 renaming it as the Bureau of Soils and
Water Management.
Currently, BSWM is a staff bureau of the Department of Agriculture tasked to
provide advisory and support to the development of policies and strategic objectives
of the government including the Medium Term Public Investment Program (MTPIP).
BSWM also supports the implementation of national projects on sustainable use of
soil and water resources consistent with the DA national food production and rural
development programs.
With the current and emerging global concerns on land degradation, biodiversity
and climate change, soil and water resources management plays a key role in
addressing national commitments to the Rio conventions. The proper management
of these resources is one of the basic requirements to provide sustainable
livelihoods to rural agricultural communities and sufficient food for the Filipino
people while addressing current environmental challenges and protecting these
vital agricultural resources. In the above context, the approval and implementation
of the Rationalization Plan (EO 366) in October 2013 strengthened the BSWM.
2.1 Vision, Mandate, and Core Functions
Vision: Sustainable management of soil and water resources for agricultural
production systems that are in harmony with nature where food is
health-safe and food resource production is economically viable and
socially acceptable.
Mandate: Formulate measures and guidelines for the effective utilization of soil
and water resources as vital agricultural resources to attain food
Chapter 2 : THE BUREAU OF SOILS AND WATER MANAGEMENT
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 12
security and safety, environmental stability through soil and water
resources-based adaptation and mitigation measures that address
multi-environmental concerns on land degradation, climate change,
and agricultural biodiversity conservation.
Core Function: As the nationally mandated authority on soils and water
management for agriculture, the core function of the strengthened
Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) is to provide the
leadership in the pursuit of Research and Development (R & D)
function for these two vital agricultural resources; and thus provide
recommendations to the Office of the Secretary of the Department of
Agriculture.
2.2 Soil and Water R & D Equipment and Facilities
Most of the equipment belonging to Bureau were acquired between 1990-1995,
through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Project. Though
most of the equipment are functional and continues to serve the needs of the
Bureau, some of these are in dire need of repair or special cleaning services.
Since the equipment models are now outdated, concerns may arise during
repairs especially in terms of availability of spare parts. An inventory of
available major equipment including the use of each, and its status
(functional/non-functional) is presented in Annexes A to D:
The Bureau has analytical laboratories located at the 3rd and 4th floor of the SRDC
building. These laboratories need upgrading to ensure occupational safety.
2.3 Soil and Water R & D Manpower
The BSWM has an approved manpower complement of 260 distributed in seven
(7) divisions, and three (3) centers. The distribution of these R & D staff is
presented in Figure 4. The existing manpower is composed of specialists from
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 13
various disciplines (such as agriculture, soils, agronomy, agricultural economics,
agricultural education, and agricultural extension, agricultural engineering,
mechanical and civil engineering, chemistry, biology, geologist, environmental
science, IT specialists, among others).
As of 2015, the Bureau has 131 S & T eligible as certified by the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST Certificate No. MC 2016-016; DOST Certificate No.
MC 2016-010). A number of them are members of the Philippine Association of
Agriculturists (PAA), and the Philippine Society of Soils Science and Technology
(PSSST).
Figure 4. BSWM’s Organizational Structure and Staffing
NATIONAL
SOIL & WATER
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEV’T. CENTER FOR HILLYLAND
PEDO-ECOLOGICAL
ZONE
13
NATIONAL
SOIL & WATER
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEV’T. CENTER FOR HIGHLAND
PEDO-ECOLOGICAL
ZONE
13
NATIONAL
SOIL & WATER
RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEV’T. CENTER FOR LOWLAND-
UPLAND PEDO-
ECOLOGICAL ZONE
13
OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR
(25)
SOIL AND
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH DIVISION
29
AGRICULTURAL
LAND MGT & EVALUATION
DIVISION
24
SOIL
CONSERVATION MGT DIVISION
23
WATER
RESOURCES MGT
DIVISION
33
SOILS
SURVEY DIVISION
24
LABORATORY
SERVICES DIVISION
30
GEOMATICS &
SOIL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DIVISION
26
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 14
2.4 R & D Networking and Linkages
Through the assistance of the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) in 1998, the
BSWM spearheaded the creation of the National Soil and Water Resources RD/E
Network which has two important components: the soil conservation and
management sub-network and the water conservation and management sub-
network to develop the soil and water conservation and management strategies
geared to achieve the sustainability of soil and water resources for agriculture,
land productivity, soil resilience and water security. This existing network is
composed of soil and water resources scientists and researchers from the
academe and other government and private research institutions. The members
of the SWRRD/E were tapped in CY 2010 in the formulation of the National Soil
and Water Resources RD/E Agenda (2011-2016).
The Bureau is into R&D partnership with the following agencies: Department of
Science and Technology (DOST) – Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and
Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD), DA-BAR, DA-
Regional Field Office 3 (DA-RFO3), DOST-Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
(PNRI), Department of Environment and Natural Resources – Environmental
Management Bureau (DENR-EMB), and DENR-Manila Bay Coordinating Office
(MBCO).
Aside from the existing network which is composed of members from local
research agencies, the BSWM continues to forge partnership and collaboration
with bilateral and multi-lateral funding agencies such as the World Bank, United
Nations Development Program (UNDP), Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO), Japan International Research Center on Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS),
Japan Agricultural Exchange Council (JAEC), Korea International Cooperation
Agency (KOICA) and Australian Center for International Agriculture Research
(ACIAR). Linkages with international partners contributed to enhancement of
technical capacities of research personnel and upgrading of research laboratory
facilities and equipment.
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 15
The BSWM is faced with several challenges that influences pursuit of soil and water
resources R&D as discussed below.
3.1 The Approved Rationalization Plan
The Rationalization Plan of the Bureau of Soils and Water Management is anchored
on its mandate to formulate measures and guidelines for the effective utilization of
soil and water resources as vital agricultural resources to attain food security and
safety, environmental stability through soil and water resources-based adaptation
and mitigation measures that address multi-environmental concerns on land
degradation, climate change, and agricultural biodiversity conservation.
The rationalized functions of the BSWM are as follows:
1. Provide continuing assessment of the sustainability of the country’s
agricultural production systems, particularly the soil and water resources as
vital agricultural resources;
2. Sustain Philippine agriculture through the promotion of sustainable
agricultural land management practices in the croplands as well as the
marginal uplands, hillylands, and highlands;
3. Formulate through a participatory process a national research and
development agenda on sustainable agricultural land management;
undertake upstream and midstream researches including location-specific
and targeted researches in the generation of public goods and services in
critical areas outside of comparative advantage of various specialized
research institutes of the Department and the country’s SUCs; provide
leadership in the development and operation of a network of institutions on
soil and water resources research and development;
Chapter 3 : R&D CHALLENGES TO THE BSWM
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 16
4. Strengthen the convergence efforts of concerned agencies (DAR, DENR, DA)
on sustainable rural development to include climate change, land degradation
and bio diversity concerns;
5. Render assistance and advice on policy matters related to the mitigation of
the effects of extreme climate events on agricultural lands; design and
develop rainwater harvesting (small water impounding) and other related
small-scale infrastructures; and formulate recommendations on waste water
use and reuse;
6. Provide technical support services through the conduct of laboratory analysis
on soils, water, and plant tissues; provide fertilization guides and
recommendations; provide soil inoculants, compost fungus activators (CFA)
and other microbial agents;
7. BSWM shall continue to engage in rainmaking projects for agricultural areas
and watersheds to address the problems of prolonged droughts and minimize
their effects to standing agricultural crops;
8. Recommend appropriate soil and water management policies to address
issues on food security, environment, biodiversity, and climate change,
including vulnerability/disaster risk assessment relative to agriculture.
3.1 R&D Thematic Programs
THEMATIC PROGRAMS
ISSUES/PROBLEMS DEVELOPMENT / RESEARCHABLE
AREAS
SPECIFIC STUDY
Soil and water conservation management
Improper Land Use Allocation
Improvement of present cropping system / income in efficient expansion areas
Identification of site specific cropping system, critical development & soil conservation requirement in agricultural expansion areas
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 17
THEMATIC PROGRAMS
ISSUES/PROBLEMS DEVELOPMENT / RESEARCHABLE
AREAS
SPECIFIC STUDY
Land Use Reclassification/ Conversion
Integration of SAFDZs into the CLUP as efficient land allocation for Agriculture
Monitoring and assessment of land use changes in reclassified agricultural areas (SAFDZ)
Effective watershed management for improved agricultural productivity
Land degradation
Bio-physical Resources Evaluation of Principal / Major Watersheds
Assessment of Agro-Hydro Ecological Conditions and Utilization of Critical Watershed
Soil health improvement and management
Low Farm productivity due to inappropriate fertilizer application
Promotion of site specific fertilizer recommendation
Soil Fertility assessment and fertilization; Field verification of various BFS “Fertilizer Group”
3.2 Updating the Soil and Water Resources Research & Development/
Extension Agenda
The SWRRD/E agenda sets the direction of soil/land and water resources research
in the Philippines for the next five (5) year period. It serves as planning tool to
prioritize and allocate resources for agricultural R & D.
With assistance from the Bureau of Agricultural Research in CY 2010, the BSWM
spearheaded the development of the Soil and Water Resources Research and
Development/Extension (RD/E) Agenda (2011-2016) involving the members of Soil
and Water Resources RDE Network (i.e. national government agencies, academe,
and civil society organization. It is supplemental to the RDEAP 2011-2016.
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 18
The SWRRD/E agenda addresses the following thematic areas that are subject of
international and national commitments:
o Poverty alleviation (PA) – contributing to improve the quality of lives of the
farmers and fisher folks and their families
o Food security (FS) – increasing land productivity to improve availability of
safe food in the table
o Sustainable resource use (SR) - conserving soil and water resources for
sustainable agriculture
o Adaptation to climate change (CC) including mitigation – “climate proofing”
(i.e. responding to changing climate) of facilities, tools and technologies
o Enhancing soil biodiversity (BD) – soil biological resources are valuable
resources that needs to be explored and enhanced for effective utilization
o Combating land degradation (LD) – combating land degradation is a major
concern to address agricultural productivity while protecting the resource-
base.
In the crafting of the BSWM R &D roadmap, the identified major soil and water
constraints and corresponding thematic programs and researchable areas were
reviewed. Inasmuch as the implementation of the SWRRD/E Agenda is for
completion in 2016, the next step is to review the progress of implementation of
various soil and water resources R&D programs, examine the challenges
encountered and prepare for the updating of the Agenda to consider emerging
concerns/problems like soil pollution and water degradation. The next national
SWRRD/E agenda will cover 2017-2022.
3.3 The NAP-DLDD (2015-2025) Aligned to the UNCCD Strategy
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), as the legally
binding agreement on poverty reduction and environmental sustainability, obliged
Country Parties to develop their National Action Plan (NAP) as the central element
of the strategy to combat desertification and mitigate the impacts of drought.
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 19
To address the Convention’s key challenges at the strategic and operational levels, at
the 8th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP8) to the UNCCD in September
2007, Parties to the Convention adopted the 10-year Strategic Plan and Framework
or The Strategy 2008-2018 to enhance the implementation of the Convention. The
Strategy is a tool to effectively respond to new challenges and opportunities in the
global context. Its purpose is “to establish a global partnership to halt and prevent
desertification and land degradation and to mitigate the effects of drought in
affected areas in order to support poverty reduction and environmental
sustainability”.
The Philippines as a Country Party and the BSWM as the Philippine Focal Point
Agency of the UNCCD is obliged to align the Philippine National Action Plan to
Combat Desertification, Land Degradation and Drought (NAP-DLDD) to the UNCCD’s
Strategy. In the NAP –DLDD alignment process, a participatory approach was carried
out in accordance with the UNCCD requirement. Articles 9 and 10 of the UNCCD
state that the affected country party shall prepare and make public the NAP and
specify the respective roles of government, local communities and land users, as well
as the resources that are available and needed. Stakeholders such as concerned
national government agencies (NGAs), local government units (LGUs), civil society
organizations (CSOs), and academe were invited to participate and provide inputs in
the alignment process.
In the aligned NAP-DLDD (2015-2025) to the UNCCD Strategy, the over-all goal of
the NAP is to support the national agenda on poverty reduction and ensuring
environmental sustainability through strengthened partnership and convergence of
actions to prevent land degradation and mitigate the impacts of droughts.
The five (5) major thematic programs of NAP-DLDD (2015-2025) are the following:
a) Agro-ecosystem Management through Improved Soil Health and Vegetative
Cover and Efficient Water Management – improvement of soil fertility and
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 20
vegetative cover, protection of ecological water reserve, and enhancement of
agro-ecosystem services.
b) Sustainable Land Management for Climate-Smart Agriculture – reduce
impacts of climate change, increase productivity and resilience (adaptation),
improve livelihoods of farmers and fisherfolks, and contribute to climate
change mitigation.
c) Watershed Landscape Management and Rehabilitation – provide multiple
environment benefits (i.e. biodiversity conservation, climate change
mitigation, and prevention of land degradation) at a landscape scale for
increased ecosystem services in agriculture.
d) Scaling-up Best-bet SLM through a landscape approach - promote and adopt
new innovations for improving soil health, water resources management and
vegetative cover in production landscapes and within multiple use zones of
protected areas.
e) Mainstreaming SLM in Local Agricultural Landscape – develop strategies
and mechanism to integrate and mainstream SLM in the local government
units’ (LGUs) regular agricultural programs.
To achieve this goal, appropriate resource mobilization strategies through the
identification of priority areas are necessary. R&D projects could also be targeted
and implemented in these areas to generate site-specific sustainable land
management strategies and contribute to the decrease in intensity or magnitude of
land degradation.
3.4 National Master Plan for Small Scale Irrigation Projects 2014-2022
The National Master Plan for Small Scale Irrigation Projects 2014-2022 was
developed to guide planning, investments and development of all types of SSIPs in
the country. Sustained investments on SWIP and other SSIP is vital for the country
to reach the resource poor farmers in marginal areas, complementary to national
irrigation systems.
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 21
Research and development (R & D) is a vital component of the National SSIP Master
Plan together with the three other components, namely: Infrastructure, Watershed
and Extension Support, Education and Training Services. Specifically, R & D is geared
towards the attainment of the following:
a) design and development of appropriate and efficient small scale irrigation
infrastructure;
b) rational investment for small-scale irrigation infrastructure; enhanced
productivity and income especially of resource-poor and marginalized
sector dependent on agriculture;
c) identified factors contributing to improved socio-economic conditions, and
impacting on the society and the environment;
d) rational use of soil and water as basic agricultural resources for
sustainable agriculture.
Small Scale Irrigation Projects support wide range of commodities in different
landscapes, and an array of ecological and economic services. The R & D component
shall be guided primarily by the twin Millennium Development Goals (MDG) on a)
eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, and b) ensuring environmental
sustainability. These twin issues are realities associated to productivity
enhancement specifically of the core poor rural households located in marginal
areas where appropriate SSIP are needed with priority.
In the past, the R & D efforts have focused on rice-based systems served by SWIP.
Future R & D studies should expand to corn, High Value Commercial Crops, livestock
and fishery, as well as services. Furthermore, R & D for other types of SSIP are
wanting and these are vital to serve a number of purposes.
The R & D shall be multi-disciplinary/trans-disciplinary in approach requiring
teamwork in the fields of agricultural engineering, agro-hydrology, environmental
planning, environmental science, sociology, resource economics, knowledge
management, research management, among others.
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 22
A total of 94 R & D studies are proposed for conduct from 2015 to 2022. The studies
cover all types of SSIP, namely, Small Water Impounding System, Diversion Dam,
Small Farm Reservoir, Shallow Tube Wells, Pressurized Irrigation Systems from
Open Sources, spring development and alternative systems like solar, wind and ram
pump. These SSIP shall serve farms not served by the National Irrigation
Administration irrigation systems, and areas located across the different pedo-
ecological zones, particularly the marginal areas.
The R & D studies shall support the National Programs on Rice, Corn and High Value
Crops and Development (HVCD). Also, the various studies shall address national
issues on food and water security, climate change, disaster prevention, minimizing
land and water degradation, poverty alleviation and sustainable use of basic
agricultural resources.
3.5 Organic Agriculture
In 2010, the Republic Act 10068 was signed to promote and further develop the
practice of organic agriculture in the Philippines. Several provisions of the law
emphasized soil quality and health and organic fertilizer production as the basis of
sustainability of organic agriculture. In Section 2 of the Organic Agriculture Act, the
policy statement highlights the importance of enriching the fertility of soil and the
need to undertake a comprehensive program for the promotion of community-based
organic fertilizers together with a nationwide educational and promotional
campaign for the use and processing, as well as the adoption of organic agricultural
system as a viable alternative to conventional production system. Moreover, in
Section 4, it is encouraged to establish facilities, equipment and processing plants
that would catalyze the production and commercialization of organic fertilizers.
With these provisions in the law, the BSWM plays a pivotal role in conducting
researches and promoting different soil management strategies and production
inputs, particularly, fertilizers, microbial inoculants and soil amendments. It is an
active implementing agency of the National Organic Agriculture Program (NOAP). In
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 23
terms of R&D, a Long-Term Research on Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management and
Monitoring of Changes in Soil Properties under Organic Production System. New
R&D projects on soil health assessment, organic inputs like bio-char and mokusaku
and soil conservation strategies in organic cropping system will be implemented in
CY 2015.
Fig. 5 Organic Agriculture R&D Framework
Priority Research Areas on Soil and Water Management in Organic Agricultural
Production Systems
Soil Management
a) Identification of substrate/raw materials for organic fertilizer production;
b) Research on development of quality organic fertilizers;
c) Microbial-based inoculants;
d) Efficacy of different source of organic fertilizer on crops
e) Effects of organic fertilizer to the environment
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 24
Water Management
Source (facilities – water tanks, filter ponds, settling ponds) of uncontaminated
water for organic farming; irrigation facilities; development of local drip lines
Policy Research
a) Evaluation of organic farming technologies for combating land degradation,
conserving biodiversity and climate change mitigation/adaptation;
b) Safety evaluation of organic fertilizers;
c) Policy research on OA implementation and the adoption of standards for
organic products and processes;
d) Impact assessment of composting facility project
Based on the BAR’s OA RDE Framework, priority research areas of the BSWM OAP
on soil and water management in organic agricultural production systems were
identified.
Soil Health Assessment
Soil Biodiversity Assessment and Microbial Diversity Analysis
Crop Rotation Systems
Green Manuring and Cover Cropping
Long-term Research on Soil Fertility Management Systems
Fertilizer Recommendations in Organic Crop Production
Different Composting Methods
Mokusaku, Biochar and other Soil Amendments
Use of Genetically Modified Crop Residues as Raw Material for Organic
Fertilizer Production;
System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Effect of Use of Filter Ponds and Plants for Phyto-remediation
(sequestering pesticide residues and heavy metals)
Organic Aquaculture in SWIPs (in collaboration with BFAR)
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 25
3.6 DA-BSWM Commitment to Supreme Court Ruling on Manila Bay Clean Up,
Rehabilitation and Restoration
Supreme Court Ruling in G.R. Nos. 171947-48 directed 13 government agencies
including the Department of Agriculture (DA) to clean up, rehabilitate and restore
the Manila Bay into class SB. The deliverables are embodied in the Operational Plan
for the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy (OPMBCS) 2011-2015 and in the Comprehensive
Implementation Plan 2012-2017. The key performance indicators are a) reduction
in pollution loading, and b) number of IEC activities. Specifically, the commitments
of BSWM are: a) to reduce pollution from croplands into Manila Bay; b) to reduce
agricultural wastes contributing to pollution of Manila Bay; and, c) to conserve,
rehabilitate and manage micro-watersheds and soil resources. Along these
commitments, the BSWM activities and interventions are as follows:
a) Conduct of researches for the refinement of the estimation of baseline data
on pollution loading from croplands
b) Reduction of pollution load (crop and animal wastes) thru recycling of
wastes into liquid fertilizer and methane capture via fermentation
(Portable Biogas Technology in Techno-demonstration)
c) Reduction of pollution load thru recycling of wastes into vermicompost
d) Reduction of pollution load thru establishment of Integrated Upland
Conservation (IUCF) Guided Farms via soil & water conservation
technologies in techno-demonstration
e) To rehabilitate micro-watershed of existing small water impounding
systems & other SSIP
f) Monitoring soil & water pollution
In 2011, the DA-BSWM was tasked to submit an estimate of pollution loading from
croplands into the Manila Bay with funding support from the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources. Soil and water samples from representative
sites within the watersheds of Manila Bay were collected in the last quarter of 2011
and analyzed. Results from these samples serve as baseline data for quarterly
monitoring of water samples relative to bacteriological, heavy metals, nutrients and
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 26
pesticides residues. Additionally, soil samples were collected twice a year in
representative sites for heavy metals, nutrients and pesticides residues analyses.
Refinement of the estimate on pollution loading is due by 4th quarter of 2015 using
empirical basis from concluded researches on nitrogen use efficiencies using tracer
technique. Areas of coverage are Regions 3 and 4A – Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Bulacan,
Pampanga, Bataan, Laguna, Cavite, Rizal. Nueva Ecija is included in the geographical
focus.
The challenge to R&D is to be able to identify and trace the sources of pollution using
multiple isotopic techniques - 13C, 15N, 2H and 18O from point and non-point sources
along the entire stretch of the River Basin draining into the Bay.
3. 8 Rain Stimulation (Cloudseeding)
The Philippines is not spared from El Nino phenomenon. Records in 1997 showed
that it has caused great damages to Philippine economy. Specifically, El Nino affected
almost 74,000 hectares of agricultural lands in 18 provinces of the country
(PCARRD, 2001). The most affected areas were farmlands devoted to rice, corn,
sugarcane, coconut and banana plantations. In 2010, the DA reported damages
caused by El Niño, close to 356,000 hectares devoted to rice , corn, High Value
Commercial Crops (HVCC) and fisheries were affected with damages estimated to be
almost 570,000 MT valued at PhP8,401 million. This 2015, the Department of
Science and Technology – Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (DOST-PAGASA) advisory reported a weak El Nino present
in the tropical ocean that would affect the country.
Administrative Order No. 174, s. 1990 established the expanded rain stimulation
program. Rain stimulation in agricultural areas and watersheds has become an
intervention of the Philippine government to address the problems of prolonged
droughts and minimize their effects to standing agricultural crops. The rationalized
BSWM retained its function to engage in rainmaking activities. However, due to
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 27
difficulties in maintaining the aircrafts and facilities needed for operations, the
BSWM shall outsource the services of private aviation companies, at the same time
establish strong collaboration with the Department of Agriculture – Regional Field
Offices (DA-RFOs), Local Government Units (LGUs), Philippine Air Force (PAF),
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA), and other concerned agencies for the effective implementation of the
same.
While damages are monitored and reported, there remains a need to determine
impacts of cloudseeding not just to crops but also to the soil and water resources.
Also, alternative to salt for cloud seeding must be explored and compared.
3.9 Mainstreaming Gender and Development
The passing of gender-based laws, policies, programs and commitments aims to
reshape the role of women as “partner” in agricultural, rural development, and
nation-building. In the field of research and development, gender equality and
women empowerment should be integrated in the project design and planning.
These should include GAD-initiatives on thematic programs and projects that will
cover occupational safety, and capacity building, among others.
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 28
4. STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Human Resources Expertise in soils survey, soil/land
resources mapping and evaluation, soil and water management and conservation, soil and water resources research, cloud seeding, soil analytical services
97 staff are S & T eligible for Magna Carta Benefits as certified by the Department of Science and Technology
Willingness of staff to long-term assignments and adaptability to wide range of field conditions
Infusion of younger and newly hired technical staff
Infrastructure and Equipment Upgraded laboratory services
equipment Specialized field equipment favor
conduct of specific soil researches ICT infrastructure and connectivity
is in place with large data and map holdings (thematic maps and databases link to the national geoportal)
Mobile soil laboratories in selected regions enhanced accessibility of services to farmers and facilitate delivery of laboratory results
Physical Environment Strategic landscape of NSWRRDC
to showcase best practices on soil and water management and conduct techno-demonstrations of different technologies suitable to
Human Resources Majority of the staff are near retirement
age; senior staff with limited computer literacy and limited knowledge and command on new methodologies/ techniques
Lack of training on modeling, statistical analyses, technical writing and presentation especially for new staff
Newly hired technical staff have limited experiences on soil survey and investigation, and soil/land resources evaluation
Limited manpower on planning, monitoring and coordination resulting to relatively poor project planning, monitoring and coordination that impacts on timescale and resources utilization
Health exposure to hazardous substances for laboratory activities
Financial Resources Limited funds from the regular budget
(GAA)
Infrastructure, Equipment and Vehicles Several equipment are old but still
functional; limited field survey instruments and ICT equipment
A number of research laboratory equipment needs upgrading/replacement while others are for disposal
No functional laboratory for sample preparation and analysis in NSWRRDCs
Condition of greenhouse requires repair/ upgrading
Limited vehicles appropriate for field surveys in rugged terrain, and for conduct of field experiments
No stable electricity at NSWRRDC in Rizal
Communication problem at NSWRRDC Bulacan, Rizal and Bukidnon
Limitations on toxic and hazardous waste treatment and disposal
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 29
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
site-specific conditions; and greenhouse for basic/ pot experiments
Processes & Activities Sole government institutional that
conducts soil survey activities Low cost of conducting surveys and
soil/ land resources mapping and evaluation
Regular conduct of review and evaluation of R & D proposals, completed and on-going studies
Publication of Soils and Water Bulletin for completed R & D
Institutional Linkage & Partnership Established collaboration and
networking with national and international research and funding institutions and partners at sub-national and local levels
Policy and Legislation Regulation and control in the
establishment and operation of all soil laboratories in the Philippines (Presidential Decree No. 1435)
ISO 17025 implementation
Processes & Activities Lack of in-house Intellectual Property
Rights (IPR) System to secure data holdings and knowledge products
Protocols/ methodologies/ techniques need to be revised/upgraded considering advances in science and technologies, and challenges of climate change
Lack of knowledge management system Limited publication in refereed journal
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 30
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Demographics Rising consciousness on climate
change, sustainable agriculture, sustainable land management among LGUs, farmers’ organizations and the general public
Science and Technology Availability of new and
technologically advanced methods/ techniques for soil survey/ investigation and infrastructure development
In-situ technologies for soil analyses State of the art technologies on soil
and water R&D that promotes occupational safety and quick turn-around of results
Knowledge products management
Institutional Linkages and Partnership Increasing and continued support
from financial institutions/ organizations for programs/ projects, capacity building, and institutional development, among others
Research training programs invitation to participate in local and international training courses
Collaboration with members of the National Soil and Water Resources RD/E Network, Philippine Society for Soil Science and Technology, and other professional partners
Global initiatives and recognition of BSWM in Asia Soils Partnership provides the linkages for access to resources mobilization
Increased demand from LGUs for technical assistance and willingness for counterpart funding support
Political and technical support for the passage of Soil and Water Conservation policy
Demographics Decreasing number of students taking
up agriculture (esp. majoring in soil sciences)
Increasing number of consultancy firm/group working on domain of soil survey
Low environmental concerns/ lack of appreciation on the ecological/ environmental services from soil and water resources
Land conversion and conflicting land uses result to changing landscape, and impacts on existing water infrastructure and ecosystem services
Lack of awareness and advocacies on soil conservation
Lack of respect for intellectual property rights
Financial Resources Delay in the release of external funds
affect conduct of R & D
Institutional Linkages and Partnership Project collaborator may not be
cooperative and committed in fulfilling its duties
Commitment of service provider for the transport, storage, treatment and disposal of toxic and hazardous wastes
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 31
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Physical Environment Exposure to different risks during field
work Extreme climate events brought crop
damages in experimental areas due to flood, typhoons and drought
Fire and stray animals affect experimental areas
Unstable peace and order condition in some areas
Lack of access road (and other infra- structures) in some areas
Theft of R & D equipment installed on-site
Policy and legislation Stringent procurement process, rules
and regulations
4. STRATEGIES
A strategy is a general statement of the direction, focus and priority. It is the brand
architecture of the future (Plana, 2015). Moving on, the BSWM strategies are
summarized into four pathways, namely:
a. Natural resources management pathway
b. Employee development pathway
c. Infrastructure development pathway
d. Client empowerment pathway
As a guiding post, BSWM crafted a framework that clearly illustrates the approach in
addressing the seven major sustainable development thrusts in four program areas
utilizing a multi-disciplinary team of revitalized technical and support divisions
(Figure 6). It should be noted that the role of the three (3) National Soil and Water
Resources Research and Development Centers (NSWRRDC) strategically located in
the highland, hillyland and lowland-upland pedo-ecological zones are crucial in
achieving the goals of the targeted R & D.
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 32
Figure 6. The BSWM R&D Approach to address Natural Resources Management
and Sustainable Land Management for Sustainable Agriculture
The following are the strategies considering the strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats.
1) Strong and lasting partnership and linkages (international, national,
and sub-national levels)
a) Strengthen partnership and linkages particularly with the RD/E
Network, and research consortia
b) Establish partnership and support to Global Biodiversity Initiatives and
Asia Soils Partnership
c) Synergy/complementation of SWRRD with the National Soil and Water
Resources R&D Centers and Regional Soils Laboratories
d) Assignment of Soil & Water Area Coordinators as Focal Person to the DA
Regional Field Offices
e) Continuing support to existing international commitments like UNCCD,
WOCAT
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 33
2) Science and technology capacity enhancement – manpower and
beneficiaries
a) Engage in scientific conferences of the Philippine Association of
Research Managers (PHILARM), Philippine Society of Soil Science and
Technology (PSSST), Philippine Association of Agriculturists (PAA),
Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE), Integrated
Chemists of the Philippines (ICP), Philippine Alliance of Laboratory
Equipment Union (PALEU), and other R&D consortia for capacity
building locally and internationally of BSWM manpower
b) Continuing education on environmental training and occupational
safety training for all S & T personnel; retooling on statistical analyses
c) Develop an S&T personnel career development plan
d) Promote scientific exchange program (e.g. scientific visit, etc.)
e) Enhancing capacities of Soils Regional laboratories, farmer-
beneficiaries particularly SWISA’s, LGU partners, and other
stakeholders.
3) Soils and Water R&D infrastructure development/ upgrading
a) Procurement of state of the art equipment both for field survey,
agricultural engineering, in-situ and laboratory analyses to replace
non-functional equipment, upgrade existing old equipment and
rehabilitate laboratories
b) Upgrade ICT infrastructure and connectivity for enhanced
communication and access to research databases, tools and resources
c) Procure licensed softwares for modeling statistical and related
analyses
d) Upgrade wastewater and solid wastes disposal systems
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 34
4) Compliance to environmental rules and regulation
a) Secure permits/licenses as wastes generator
b) Accreditation of services provider for transport, treatment, storage
and disposal
c) Strict monitoring and evaluation of service providers
d) Upgrade wastewater and solid wastes disposal systems
e) Quality assurance of analytical testing, and control of soil laboratory
establishments
a) Procurement of standards
b) Laboratory exchange program for proficiency testing
c) ISO accreditation for soil and water
d) Review of guidelines on the establishment of soil laboratories
f) Soil and Water R&D databases development, maintenance, and build-
up; dissemination of outputs
a) Web-based soil and water R & D databases development, and
maintenance
b) Organize scientific conferences, symposia, workshops, roundtable
discussions, consultative meetings
c) Registration of R&D outputs (e.g. Intellectual Property Rights, etc.)
d) Publication of bulletins, refereed journals
g) R&D resources generation and mobilization
a) Co-financing with international, national, regional, and local units
b) Public-and-private partnership
c) Payment for environmental services
h) Agro-technology development and transfer
a) Use of innovative/ smart tools, techniques to generate new and
alternative soil and water technologies
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 35
b) Promote technology transfer through cross visits, multi-media, social
media
i) S&T awards and incentives
a) Consistent implementation of the Magna Carta for S&T Personnel on
the grant of benefits including hazards pay
b) Establish the BSWM scientific career system for professional
advancement
c) In-house awarding of best paper for a) research, and b) development
studies
d) Incentives for awards granted by scientific/ professional group (e.g.
PSAE, PSSST, DA-BAR, etc.)
j) Integration of Gender and Development concerns in Soil and Water
Resources Research and Development
a) Employee-based
Occupational safety on health
Capacity-building
Establishment of GAD related facilities
b) Organization-based
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Review of
Proposals and Projects
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Formulation
of Roadmap and Agenda
c) Client-based
Conduct and Profiling of Gender-Analyses
Integration of GAD topics into Thematic Programs and Projects
Agri-based Livelihood for Economic Empowerment
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 36
5. SOIL AND WATER R & D DIRECTION (2016-2022)
Thematic Programs
a) Soil health mapping, improvement and management;
b) Conservation and management of soil biodiversity;
c) Organic agriculture;
d) Mitigation of soil and water pollution;
e) Effective watershed management for improved agricultural productivity;
f) Assessment of soil erosion and sedimentation;
g) Soil and water conservation and management;
h) Enhancement of rainwater harvesting and utilization;
i) Water resources development and water productivity enhancement;
j) Soil and water resources database and system development;
k) Laboratory test methods validation and verification;
l) Cross-cutting concerns (i.e. conduct of impact assessment studies and
policy researches; CC mitigation and adaptation)
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 37
Targeted Soil and Water R & D Studies 2016 – 2022
DISCIPLINE SOILS
No. PROGRAM PROBLEMS/ISSUES RESEARCHABLE AREAS
1 Soil Health Improvement
Soil fertility decline and physical constraints
Improvement in the efficiency of fertilizer use
Updating of fertilizer recommendation for conventionally grown crops and development of fertilizer recommendation for organically grown crops
System of rice intensification
2
Conservation and Management of Soil biodiversity
Decreasing level of soil biodiversity
Soil biodiversity analysis in different types of production system and climatic conditions
Identification of beneficial soil micro-organisms for improving crop productivity
Impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) on soil quality
3 Organic Agriculture
Soil fertility decline (macro and micro-nutrient deficiency)
- leaching, crop removal - Improper disposal of
agricultural, market and food wastes
Low quality/non-compliance of organic soil amendments with the minimum requirements specified in the Philippine National Standard
Microbial-based inoculants/ bio-fertilizers Efficacy of different source of organic fertilizer on crops
Composting methods/processes
Improvement in the quality of organic fertilizers, compost and plant supplements
4 Mitigation of Soil and Water Pollution
Soil pollution - Long-term and
inappropriate timing & method of fertilizer application
- Improper waste
disposal;
- Heavy metal accumulation in soils due to proximity of crop production areas from agro-industries and mining sites
Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer to the environment
Management of agricultural wastes and other types of solid wastes being used as fertilizers
Impacts of accumulation of heavy metals and pesticide residues in agricultural production areas and development of management strategies to mitigate the negative impacts (e.g. Phyto or bio-remediation)
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 38
DISCIPLINE SOILS
No. PROGRAM PROBLEMS/ISSUES RESEARCHABLE AREAS
5
Effective Watershed Management for Improved Agricultural Productivity
Uplands are being depleted and their qualities are fast deteriorating due to human-induced interventions aggravated by increasing population and migration and high poverty incidence
Development of resilient and cost effective soil conservation cropping system and management practices in critical areas (i.e. Uplands – highlands being used for agriculture and swip watersheds) for productivity enhancement and environmental sustainability
6 Assessment of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation
Soil erosion Soil erosion measurement Soil erosion control
7 Soil and Water Conservation and Management
Lack of awareness and advocates on soil consortium and its impacts to environment
Impacts of soil conservation measures
8
Enhancement of Rainwater Harvesting and Utilization
Surface water harvesting
Innovations in design of SSIP that will include climate-resilient designs
Assessment & Development of Farmer training modules (for enhanced water use utilization)
Wastewater reuse for irrigation
9
Water Resources Development and Water Productivity Enhancement
Lack of information on available water management technologies for upland/ non-irrigated farmland Low water-use efficiency in irrigated agriculture Need for sustainable development and management of groundwater Competing water use between and among agriculture, domestic and other purposes Uncertainties of water supply availability due to climate change
Water resource assessment Performance and Impact Evaluation of Small Scale Irrigation Systems (SSIS) Raw water pricing and modalities Watershed Management Cloudseeding operation and application of recent methodologies in rain stimulation to mitigate drought Technologies for enhanced conservation of soil and water resources that will include water conservation techniques, renewable and non-conventional energy for small-scale irrigation, water saving technologies, methods to minimize seepage and percolation in Small Farm Reservoirs (SFR).
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 39
DISCIPLINE SOILS
No. PROGRAM PROBLEMS/ISSUES RESEARCHABLE AREAS
10
Management and Fertility Rehabilitation of Problem Soils
Soil salinity - saltwater intrusion Soil Acidity Heavy cracking clays Poorly drained soils
Fertilization Scheme (sources, methods, timing and volume) Soil Amelioration (compost, manure, liming materials like calcite, dolomite, gypsum) Residue Management (method and timing of application) Bio-remediation (inoculation)
11
Soil and water resources database and system development
Large data holdings require systematize storage and retrieval
Development of soil health information system Data warehousing and online reporting system
12 Laboratory test methods validation and verification
Regulation and control for the establishment and operation of all soil laboratories
Development of rapid test methods needs assessment of all soil and water analytical laboratories
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 40
DISCIPLINE WATER
PROGRAM PROBLEMS/ISSUES RESEARCHABLE AREAS
1 Water quality and availability Enhancement of rainwater harvesting and utilization
Inadequate water for agricultural use - poor water quality - inefficient water use - over extraction of groundwater
supply
- inadequate rainwater harvesting facilities and technologies
- competing water use between and among agricultural, domestic and other purposes
- uncertainties of water supply availability due to climate change
Reducing contamination/ pollution Re-use of wastewater from agricultural industries Appropriate technologies to minimize system wastes and optimize crop water use Cost –efficient and robust design of rainwater harvesting facilities; Development of other runoff management technologies Climate change adaptation options/strategies focusing on water resources management and utilization
2
Effective watershed management for improved agricultural productivity
Inundation of agricultural land - Flooding - Too much water in the wrong time
and wrong place
Flood Mitigation and management Development of drainage technologies & system Watershed development and management
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 41
REFERENCES
Bureau of Agricultural Research. Research and Development Extension Agenda Programs (2011-2016) Bureau of Soils and Water Management. National Soil and Water Resources RD/E Agenda (2011-2016) Bureau of Soils and Water Management. 2010. Rationalization Plan
Bureau of Soils and Water Management. Soil and Water Resources RD/E Agenda (2011-2016)
Canqui, Humberto B.; R. Lal. C. “Crop Residue Removal Impacts on Soil Productivity and Environmental Quality”. Available at : http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07352680902776507
Department of Agriculture - Administrative Order No. 174, s. 1990 (Expansion of the Rain Stimulation Program) Department of Agriculture. 2014. National Master Plan for Small Scale Irrigation Projects 2014-2022. Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Soils and Water Management. The Updated Philippine National Action Plan to Combat Desertification Land Degradation and Drought (FY 2015-2025). Department of Science and Technology - Certificate No. MC 2016-010 Department of Science and Technology - Certificate No. MC 2016-016; Gender and Development. Available at : http://pcw.gov.ph/sites/default/files/documents/resources/harmonized-gad-guidelines-2nd_ed_0.pdf Greenpeace Southeast Asia. 2007 Montgomery, Heather L. January 1, 2010. How is Soils Made (Everybody Digs Soil). Operational Plan for Manila Bay Coastal Strategy 2011-2015 Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 Philippine Land Degradation Assessment and Climate Change Adaptation (FAO/TCP/PHI/3302)
Soil and Water Resources Research and Development Roadmap 2016-2022 42
WEB SOURCES
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Department of Agriculture
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2016