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Componentsofsoilfertilitymanagement
1.Green
manure 2.
Compost 3.
Bio
Charcoal
5.OGP4.Botanicalcakes 7.Croprotation6.Mulching
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1.Greenmanure Green manure can be defined as
the practice of turning fresh
green plant tissues green
biomass from 10 to 20 tonnes
per acre in 45 days into the soil
to develop the soils physical
structure, increasing soil fertility
and organic matter content.
Greenmanure(greenbiomass)
Sorghum+Cowpea
Daincha
Sunhemp
Cowpea
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1. During the fallow season, grow
different green manure plants on thevegetable beds2. It is essential to keep a high Carbon
nitrogen ratio in our choice of greenmanure pump plants, a cover crop
combination.3. The concept is to mix one plant with a
high Carbon contentand one which isaleguminous plant.
4. Leguminous green manure cropsadds nitrogen essential for plant
growth, to the soil by fixingatmospheric nitrogen in the roots.5. Fiber crops add bio mass, roots,
carbon and lignin to the soil,which will decay and produce thelife giving substance known ashumus.
Cowpearootzone
Daincharootzone
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SunhempSeed highcarbonandhighnitrogen Gr.M
MixingSunhempandCowpeaseeds
beforesowing
CowpeaSeed leguminousnitrogenfixingGr.M
Cultivatinggreenmanure(Gr.M)
inraisedbed.
Sunhemp
and
cow
pea
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Makearaisedbedbyusingthesoilfromthe pathinbetween2raisedbeds.
Raisebedoptimaldimensionare:10minlengthorwhatisconvenient,0.8m
to1minbreathand5 10cminheightbeforegreenmanuresowing.
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CoverthesownGr.Mseedsby
turninggentlythesurfaceofthebed
Gr.Mseedstobesownby
providingoptimumspacing
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Or,coverthe
sown
Gr.M
seeds
with
soilfromthepathOr,
cover
the
sown
Gr.M
seeds
while
raking
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Afterhaving
covered
the
seeds
with
soil,
Waterthe
sown
green
manure
seeds
orwaitfortherainifplanned in a rainyseason
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Germinated
green
manure
crop
growth
after
a
week
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Green
manure
at
20
Days
after
Sowing(Days)Green
manure
at
30
Daysafter
Sowing
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Green
manure
crop
growth
at
35
daysafter
sowing
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Greenmanurecropgrowthat40daysaftersowing
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Greenmanure crop growthatthetimeofincorporation45 50days
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CuttheGr.M atthebaseleavingthe
rootsinsidethesoil.
Chopthecutgreenmanureforquick
andeasydecomposition
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Coverthegreenmanure(greenbiomass)withthesoilfromthepath to
activatedecomposition.
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After 3 weeks the bio mass
decomposition has transformed
the original soil (red) into a
blackish, sweet smelling, fertilesoil.
The original poor soil had
become well structured and
inhabited by an impressive
population of earth worms.
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Sorghum andcowpea,indigo,sunhemp
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Cuttingandincorporationofgreenmanure
sorghumand sunhemp
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AddingOGP andcoveringwithsoilfromthe
pathtoactivatedecomposition.
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Sorghum&IndigoIndigo
Fewothercombinationsofgreenmanurecrop atthetime
ofincorporation
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Sorghum&Sunhemp
Sunhemp
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It also increases organic matter content,
earthworms occurrence and beneficial
microorganisms in the soil.
It increasessoil fertilityand improves soil
structure and helps prevent soil erosion.
It increases the soils available nitrogen and
promotesmoisture retention.
It brings deep minerals to the surface and
break up soil hardpans.
It improves water,root and air penetration
in the soil and suppresses the weed
growth.
It is economical and easy to grow.
MultiplebenefitsofGreenmanure
Green manure crops generate10 to 20 tonnes per acre of green bio mass in45
days, depending on soil and climatic conditions.
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2.Compost
Compost is the residue created from the
decomposition and recombiningof various
forms of plant and animal life such as leaves,
grass, wood, garbage, natural fiber, bones or
any natural bio mass materials. This compost is
obtained through composting process.
Composting is the controlled decomposition or
breakdown of organic matterby a large number
of mixed populations of microorganisms in a
warm, moist, aerated environment. It is aprocess of transformation of raw organic
materials into biologically stable humus
substances, suitable asplant nutrients.
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Compostapplicationtechnique
Preparepitsinthevegetableraisedbed,3dayspriorto composting
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Add2handfullor about1kgofcompostineachpitat3differentlevel. In
total3kg
or
3
doublehand
full
of
compost
are required.
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Level1Addfirst1handfullor
1kgofcompostinthepit.
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Mixwellthecompostandpit
soilbyhandhoeorspadeor
throughhand
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Level2 Add asecondhandfullor1kgofcompostinthepit
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Mixthecompostandthesoilin
thepitwelleitherbyspade,
hoe orviahand.
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Level3 Addlastandfinal a
handfullor1kgofcompostin
thetoplayer.
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Mixthecompostandthetop
layer soilwell
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Mixwellandmakeaheapandallowthepit tosettle forafew
days,iftimepermits,beforesowingortransplanting
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1. Compostcontainsplantnutrients
2. Compostimprovesthephysicalconditionofsoils
3. Compostincreasesthewaterholdingcapacityofsoil
4. Compostenhancesplantrootpenetration
5. Compostpreventssoilerosion
6. Compostconcentratesfarm residues
7. Compost promotes soil health andplantproductivity
8. Compost helps to combat plantspathogens and weed seeds
9. Compost releases nutrients slowly
Multiplebenefitofcompost
Annadana3 Bio Charcoal
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Soil & Seed Savers3.BioCharcoal Biocharcoal is biomass (wood,
branches, trimmings,) that is convertedinto charcoal through a process of
pyrolysis: heating in the absence of
oxygen, and prevents burning of the
biomass (which happens in open fires)
Biocharcoal is nothing but carbon
having a structure made of millions of
tiny air sac pores. This air sac poresincrease the totalinternal surfacearea of
the charcoal up to 300 2,000 sq.m per
gram.
The biocharcoal acts as afoodbankand
stores precious nutrients, moisture and
microorganisms in its structure. It is
durable and remains for years actingfurther as aregulator.
FreshBioCharcoal
Tinyairsacporousinbiocharcoal
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Addbiocharcoalintothe
OGP
mixture
Allowthismixturetosoakfor1dayprior
to
pit
preparation
and
stir
well
periodically.
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TaketheinoculatedbiocharcoalfromtheOGPmixture
Theinoculatedbiocharcoalisreadyforapplication.
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Applyonehandfull(100gms)of
enriched
bio
charcoal
in
a
prepared
pit
Enrichedbiocharcoalkeptready
for
pit
application
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Equallyspreadtheinoculatedbiocharcoalinthepitafterapplicationof
compost
and
botanical
cakes
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Mixthe
bio
charcoal
with
other
inputs
like
compost
and
botanical
cakes
along
withsoilandmakeaheap.
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Multiplebenefitofbio charcoal
1. Theextremelyhighabsorptionandretentionofnutrients bytheairsacpresent
inthebiocharcoal.
2. Theextremelyhighpersistenceofbiocharcoal(stability)
3. Biocharcoal,highlyincreasesthesoilmicrobialfunctionsandsoilwater
holdingcapacity.
4. Whenaddedtothesoilitcansignificantlyimproveyieldimmediately
especiallywheninoculatedwithOrganicGrowthPromotersandBioPlant
extracts.
5. Thecarbon,whenrecycledintothesoil,providesastablelongtermremovalof
carbon(dioxide)fromtheatmosphere.
Soilswithbiocharcoaladditionsaretypicallymorefertile,produce
moreandhealthycropsoveralongerperiodoftime.
l & d
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4 B t i l k
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Soil & Seed Savers4.Botanicalcakes
After the extraction of oil from certain
oilseeds, the pith / residue obtained is
called a botanical cake.
Botanical cakes is a good source of organic
nitrogen.
Botanical cakes have pesticide property
and disease control.
The cake obtained from groundnut,
sesame,neem and pongamseeds is used as
organic manure and bio pesticide.
Neem cake and pongam cake applications
act as both manure and pest control, since
they have biopesticide, insect repellant
andanti feeding properties.
Neemcake
Pongamcake
S il & S d S
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Botanicalcakeapplicationtechnique
ReadyNeemcakeforapplication Apply100gramsNeemcakeper
pit
S il & S d S
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Neemcakeaddedalongwith
compostandbiocharcoal,
duringthepitmixture
preparation
Addtheneemcakeintopit
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Mixwellalltheingredients(compost+biocharcoal+neemcake+
soil),and
make
aheap
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5.Organicgrowthpromoters
OGP are plantbio
stimulantsthat promoteplant growth and development.
The importance of OGP lies in their ability
topromote hormonal activityin plants. Plant hormones are chemical
communicators, or agents, which help
regulate a plants development and itsresponse to its surrounding environment.
OGP also promotes antioxidant production
in plants. They are used insmall concentration, thus
being economical, but to be applied 46
times during a plant life cycle foroptimum
results.
Panchagavya
Efficientmicroorganism
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OGPapplicationtechnique
PreparedOGP:panchagavyaand
efficientmicroorganism
Panchagavya
Efficientmicroorganism
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AddOGP,300mlof
panchagavyaand50mlof
efficientmicroorganisminto
therosecan
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Addwater
InoculateOGPinthe
preparedpitheap
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InoculateOGP,immediatelyafteraddingpitmixture(compost,bio
charcoaland
botanical
cakes)
in
the
pit
3days
prior
sowing
or
transplanting,iftimepermits.
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Multiple benefit of OGP
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o & a rsMultiplebenefitofOGP
Spraying organic growth promoters
enhances the production of a bigger anddenser canopy, activates biological efficiency,enabling production of maximummetabolites and photosynthesis.
The trunk produces side shoots, the stemgrowth stocky, leaves growth bigger, theplant growth healthier and is capable ofsupporting maximum fruits to maturity.
The rooting is profuse and dense,spreading and growing into deeper sub soillayers. This helps maximize intake of
nutrients and water and subsequentlyincreases the yield.
The organic growth promoter forms a thinoily film on the leaves and stems, thus
reducing evaporation and enhancingdrought hardiness.
Amirthakaraisal
Fishextract
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Afteraweekthepreparedpitsarereadyfortransplanting
Transplantingseedlings
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Digaholemanuallyinthepreparedpitsbeforetransplanting
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Carefullytransplanttheseedlingintothepreparedpitand
compactthesoilsurroundingit
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Transplanted
field
into
the
prepared
raised
beds
and
pits
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Thepreparedheaphas
tosettledowntothe
groundlevel.Healthy
seedlingsarereadyfor
transplanting
Transplanted
seedlinginthe
preparedpit
Healthygrowth
andhighyieldis
ensured.
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6 Mulching
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6.Mulching Mulch is simply a protective layer
of biomass material that is spread
on top of the soil. This protective
layer is biodegradable.
It prevents evaporation and
regulates soil temperaturewhich is
favourable for root development.
A variety of materials are used as
mulch: organic residues, grass
clippings, leaves, hay, straw, roof
clips, shredded bark, coconut fibre.
Many of these materials also act as
indirect composting system.
Mulching
enriches
and
protects
the
soil,
providing
a
better
growing
environment.
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Organic mulch is usually appliedtowards thebeginningof the growingseason, and may be reapplied asnecessary.
Organic mulch like straw and hay, are
cut into clips and spread by handaround emerged plants. This mulch isusually piled up two to three inchesor more. They settle and decompose
during the season. Mulches made from grass,
straw, hay and coconut fibre,are generally lighter and easier
to use, with the addedadvantages of being biodegradable. They also retainmoisture and control weed to acertain extend.
Grassclipmulchinginwatermelon
Roofclipsmulchinginwatermelon
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Selectgrasses,weeds(without
seeds),freegrowingplantsfor
mulching
Harvestthose
plants.
Mulching
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Choppedclipsofbiomass
mulcharereadyformulching
Transferthemulching
materialstowardthegarden
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Mulchingdone
in
bhendi
plants
Coverproperlyallthesoil
surfacearoundthecrops
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Mulchingdone
in
capsicum
plants
Mulchingdoneincornplants
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MultiplebenefitsofMulching
Mulchingadjustsandregulatetemperature.Ithelpsthesoiltostaycool
duringhotandsummerconditions andretainsheatduringthecoolseason.
Itcontrolsweedgrowthbyblockingthesunlightandgermination.
Itretains waterbyslowingdownevaporation.
Itaddsorganicmatterand nutrientstothesoilthroughthegradual
breakdown
of
the
mulch
material. Itcontrolssoilerosionby protectingsoilfromrain.
Mulchesslowlydecompose,theyprovideorganicmatterwhichhelpskeep
thesoil
loose,
improves
root
growth,
increases
the
infiltration
of
water,
and
waterholdingcapacityofthesoil.
Organicmatterisasourceofplantnutrientsandprovidesanideal
environmentfor
earthworms
and
other
beneficial
soil
organisms.
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Crop rotation is the practice of growing alternatively different types of crops
(different species) in the same area in sequential seasons for various benefits. A component of polyculture and biodiversity.
Growing the same crops in the same site year after year can encourage a build
up of pests & diseases in the soil. Crops should be moved to a different area ofland each year, and not returned to the original site for several years.
Vegetables also have various mineral needs and continuous cropping of one
particular crop can lead to the imbalance levels of nutrients in the soil. When crops are rotated, it prevents the build up of pests and diseases in the soil
and aid the vegetables in their nutrient needs.
For vegetable crops a 3 to 4 year rotation is usually recommended as a
minimum.
It is a fact that the vegetables growth and yield is better in a soil when a different
crop has been grown prior, than in a soil that has been used with repeated crops.
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Green
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ExampleofCroprotationfora3year
periodin
the
same
pieceofland
manure(Sept Oct)
1st year
Tomato/
Brinjal(Nov April)
1st year
Cucumber/watermelon
(May Aug)2nd year
Corn/Beans(Nov April)
2ndyear
Greenmanure
(Sept Oct)2nd year
Squash/Gourds
(May Aug)1st year
Bhendi/
Amaranth(May Aug)
Capsicum/Chilly
(Nov April)3rd ear
Greenmanure
(Sep Oct)3rd year
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Multiple Uses of Crop rotation
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Multiple Uses of Crop rotation
Itavoids the build up of pathogens and peststhat often occurs when one
species is continuously cropped.
It also seeks to balance the fertility demands of various crops to avoid
excessive depletion of the same soil nutrients.
A traditional component of crop rotation is the replenishment of nitrogen
through the use of green manure in sequence with cereals / millets /
vegetables and other crops.
It can also improve soil structure and fertility byalternating deeprooted
and shallowrooted plants.
Crop rotation also helps a variety of natural predators to survive on the
farm.
Controls soil erosion
Mitigates the risk of weather changes
Finally increases yields and net profits.
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Reapresultsbythispracticeof
sustainable,high
yielding,fertilitymanagementsystem.
Takecareofthesoilandtheplantswilltakecareofyou.
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Soil & Seed Savers
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For further enquiries contact us at :
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Forfurtherenquiries,contactusat:
AnnadanaSeedBank
AurovilleBotanicalGarden
Auroville,Villupuramdist,Tamilnadu 605101.
Email:[email protected]
Phone:04132622667
Formoreinformationlogontoourwebsitewww.annadana.com
Thankyou
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