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Solar Energy IISolar Energy II
Solar Electricity Solar Electricity
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Would you be willing to pay more for Would you be willing to pay more for electricity generated with solar power?electricity generated with solar power?
1 2
50%50%1.1. YesYes
2.2. NoNo
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How much more would you be How much more would you be willing to pay?willing to pay?
1 2 3 4 5 6
17% 17% 17%17%17%17%1.1. NoneNone
2.2. 10% more10% more
3.3. 25% more25% more
4.4. 50% more50% more
5.5. 100% more100% more
6.6. I’ll pay whatever it I’ll pay whatever it costscosts
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Technique 1Technique 1
Use mirrors to focus sunlight onto Use mirrors to focus sunlight onto water. water.
Boil the waterBoil the water Use a standard heat engine.Use a standard heat engine.
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Parabolic MirrorParabolic Mirror
The shape of the The shape of the mirror causes all of mirror causes all of the light rays to the light rays to pass through a pass through a single point called single point called the focus.the focus.
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Trough and circular parabolic Trough and circular parabolic mirrorsmirrors
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Solar OvenSolar Oven
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Trough SystemTrough SystemConcentrates solar Concentrates solar
energy up to 100 energy up to 100 times that of the sun.times that of the sun.
Temperatures limited to Temperatures limited to ~400~400C because heat C because heat exchange fluid (oil) exchange fluid (oil) breaks down. breaks down.
Efficiency of ~20%.Efficiency of ~20%.
Obviously varies Obviously varies throughout the day.throughout the day.
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Improve PerformanceImprove Performance Use molten salt for heat exchange Use molten salt for heat exchange
fluid.fluid. Allows for temperatures up to Allows for temperatures up to
565565C. C. Disadvantage is that freezing point Disadvantage is that freezing point
of salt solution is 220of salt solution is 220C. Possible C. Possible problem of overnight freezing in problem of overnight freezing in pipes or waste energy keeping pipes or waste energy keeping pipes hot.pipes hot.
Trials underway in Sicily by Trials underway in Sicily by SiemansSiemans
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Solar Electric Generating System Solar Electric Generating System (SEGS)(SEGS)
Currently generates ~350 MW of power Currently generates ~350 MW of power using 5 plants.using 5 plants.
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HeliostatHeliostat
Uses movable Uses movable mirrors to focus mirrors to focus light on a tower.light on a tower.
Similar to parabolic Similar to parabolic mirror.mirror.
Solar One Facility Solar One Facility in Barstow, CA in Barstow, CA generates ~10MWgenerates ~10MW
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Molten Salt Energy Storage
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Solar ChimneySolar ChimneyAir in a very large greenhouse (2 to 30 km diameter) is heated by the sun and channeled to a tall chimney where there is a wind turbine.
Manzanares, Spain
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PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics
Use Semiconductors Use Semiconductors to directly convert to directly convert sunlight into sunlight into electricity.electricity.
In principle, 77% of In principle, 77% of sunlight can be used sunlight can be used to produce solar to produce solar electricity.electricity.
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HistoryHistory 1954: Bell Labs discovered that silicon wafers 1954: Bell Labs discovered that silicon wafers
are sensitive to sunlightare sensitive to sunlight Original cells required single crystal silicon. Original cells required single crystal silicon.
Very expensive to produce.Very expensive to produce. New developments allow for polycrystalline New developments allow for polycrystalline
cells. Much cheaper but less efficient.cells. Much cheaper but less efficient. Best cells are single crystal Gallium-Arsenide. Best cells are single crystal Gallium-Arsenide. Up to 42% efficient with light concentration Up to 42% efficient with light concentration
or 35.8% without (Sharp).or 35.8% without (Sharp).
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Single Crystal and Polycrystalline Single Crystal and Polycrystalline CellsCells
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Each cell produces ~0.5 volts. (Silicon Each cell produces ~0.5 volts. (Silicon single junction)single junction)
Amount of current depends on the Amount of current depends on the size/efficiency of the cell.size/efficiency of the cell.
To get higher voltages/power stack the To get higher voltages/power stack the cells up to make a solar panel.cells up to make a solar panel.
Industry average efficiency 14-18%Industry average efficiency 14-18% High efficiency cells (>20%)are still High efficiency cells (>20%)are still
expensive. expensive. Lower efficiency cells (~14%) are much Lower efficiency cells (~14%) are much
lower cost.lower cost.
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Name Country DC Peak Power (MW)
Notes
Sarina Photovoltaic Power Plant
Canada 97 Constructed 2009-2010
Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station
Italy 84.2 Constructed 2009-2010
Finsterwalde Solar Park Germany 80.7 Phase I 2009Phase II,III 2010
Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant
Italy 70 Completed 2010
Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park
Spain 60 Completed 2008
Strasskirchen Solar Park Germany 54
Lieberose Photovoltaic Park
Germany 53 Completed 2009
Puertollano Photovoltaic Park
Spain 50 Opened 2008
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New Cell Production
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Solar Power, Springerville, AZSolar Power, Springerville, AZ
4.59 MW power station
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A lot of smaller A lot of smaller installations used installations used in locations where in locations where to difficult, to difficult, expensive or expensive or environmentally environmentally damaging to take damaging to take power lines or power lines or generatorsgenerators
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Solar ShinglesSolar Shingles
For a typical For a typical residential system, residential system, you would likely you would likely install 1-3 kW of PV install 1-3 kW of PV modules. Today's modules. Today's costs range from costs range from $8,000 to $10,000 $8,000 to $10,000 per kW of fully per kW of fully installed capacity. installed capacity.
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19 kW solar roof19 kW solar roof
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A lot of specialized UsesA lot of specialized Uses
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Solar Power in SpaceSolar Power in Space
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Deep Space Satellites Don’t Use Deep Space Satellites Don’t Use Solar PowerSolar Power
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Solar CarsSolar Cars
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2007 Cost Comparison2007 Cost Comparison
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Major goal is to reduce costMajor goal is to reduce cost
Use amorphous silicon (thin films) Use amorphous silicon (thin films) Other materialsOther materials Concentrating collectorsConcentrating collectors Sun tracking systemsSun tracking systems Economy of scaleEconomy of scale