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Some Major Problems In Managing Watersheds Of
The Border Region
Dr. M. Karl Wood, DirectorWater Resources Research Institute
New Mexico State University
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The Border Region only has four major water problems!
1. The water is in the wrong places
2. The water is present at the wrong times
3. The water has the wrong quantities•Floods
•Droughts
4. The water is the wrong quality
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These problems are mostly
the result of natural conditions
in the continent
These problems can be mitigated
or
made worse
by human activities
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Problem # 1
Tree and Shrub Increase and Invasion in Uplands
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Landscapes Containing Pinyon Pines and Junipers
Low lands Steep Hillsides Mesa Tops
Physiographic Positions
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Pinyon pine and Juniper• Climax on steep, rocky hillsides
• Invade lowlands & mesa tops by gravity, water, wind animals, etc
• Controlled by fire in invaded areas until fire became scarce
• Compete with grass-forb-shrub understory which results in extremely high erosion rates
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1900
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1960
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Erosion After Dominance
Grassland Pinyon-Juniper Pinyon-Juniper Dominated Invasion Established
Amount of Erosion
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Kinds of Mismanagement!
• Cessation of wildfire by fire suppression
• Limiting use of shrub and tree control tools such as: a. Fuelwood harvest b. Mechanical removal c. Herbicide applications
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• “If the prime objective is wood products, we may continue to overgraze, letting in the woodland and sacrificing watershed values
• If on the other hand the prime objective is watersheds, we should restore the grass, which all the evidence indicates is a better watershed cover than either brush or woodland”
Aldo Leopold
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Problem # 2
Wildlife and Livestock Grazing
Mismanagement
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Problem # 3
Riparian Area Mismanagement
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Riparian Areas: tremendous importance
• New Mexico receives 85 million acre-ft of precipitation each year
• 3 million acre-ft lost through evapotranspiration
• Half of water loss by evapotranspiration in some statesis from riparian areas
• Enriched plant & animal life
• Most difficult ecosystem to research
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Problem # 4
Lost Water Harvesting
Opportunities
Why? Establish Seed Banks
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Problem # 5
Lack of Reclamation
on
Disturbed Land
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Problem Areas:
• Exploration - hard rock
• - oil & gas
• Mined areas
• Roaded areas
• Recreation areas (ORV)
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Problem # 6
Inadequate Methods for
Erosion and Runoff
Inventory and Prediction
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Land Management Practice
Animal Trampling and Burrowing
Plant and Rock Cover Plant
Volume
Soil Surface Roughness
Soil SurfaceConfiguration
Soil Moisture Evaporative Loss
Soil Organic Matter Content
Soil Particle Sizes
SoilStructure
Soil BulkDensity and Porosity
Runoff andInfiltration
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