Download - SOURCES OF RADIATION
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SOURCES OF RADIATION
TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC
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Upon completion of this course, the participants will demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of the information presented during RADCON Technician training by obtaining a score of greater than or equal to 80% on a written examination. The information presented in this lesson plan may be part of an overall exam or be the only information for which the student is examined.
Terminal Objective
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☼ Identify the types of ionizing radiation providing exposure to the general public – natural background sources and man-made radiation sources.
☼ Define natural background sources and each of its types.
☼ Provide an explanation of cosmic radiation sources.
Enabling ObjectivesStandards and conditions apply to all enabling objectives. They include: under the examination ground rules, without the use of training materials or outside assistance, and utilizing information presented in this lesson plan. Upon completion of this each participant will be able to:
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☼ Provide an explanation of terrestrial radiation sources.
☼ Identify the source of radon and its daughter products.
☼ Provide an explanation of internal radiation sources.
☼ Define the types of man-made radiation sources and provide examples of each.
Enabling Objective cont.
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Categories of types of Sources of Ionizing Radiation to the General
Public
Natural Background Radiation Sources
Man-made Radiation Sources
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Types of Natural Background Radiation Sources
Cosmic Radiation
Terrestrial RadiationInternal Radiation
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Origin of Cosmic Radiation
Cosmic RaysCosmic Rays
Protons - p
Alpha particles - a
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Origin of Cosmic Radiation
COSMIC RAY SHOWERInteraction of “Primary” cosmic ray with atmospheric nuclei.
Results in dissipation of “Primary” cosmic ray and nuclei.
Creates “Secondary” cosmic rays.
Interactions of “Secondary” cosmic rays creates…
COSMIC RAY SHOWER.
“Secondary” cosmic rays are the source of Cosmic Radiation exposure to the general public.
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Altitude
The greater your altitude, the higher
your exposure
Origin of Cosmic Radiation
Exposure Variance with Altitude
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Cosmic Radiation ExposureCalculated average radiation dose
equivalent at ground level from Cosmic Rays
26 mrem/yr or 0.26 mSv/yr
Calculated average radiation dose equivalent for Air Travel
1 mrem/yr or 0.01 mSv/yr
Other sources add an additional
1 mrem/yr or 0.01 mSv/yr
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Terrestrial Radiation Sources
Primordial Radionuclides
Naturally occurring radionuclides
Created when Earth was formed
Long-lived half-lives
Terrestrial Radiation Sources– external
Inhaled Radiation Sources– internal (radon)
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Terrestrial Radiation Sources
Primordial Radionuclides
Non Series
and
Series
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Terrestrial Radiation Sources
Non-Series Primordial Radionuclides
These decay directly to a stable nuclide
*K-40*V-50, Rb-87, Cd-113, In-115, Te-123, La-138, Ce-142, Nd-144, Sm-
147, Gd-152, Hf-174, Lu-176, Re-187, Pt-190, Pt-192, Bi-209
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Terrestrial Radiation Sources
Uranium Series U-238
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Terrestrial Radiation SourcesPrimordial Radionuclide Concentration
Dose Dependency
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Terrestrial Radiation Sources
Primordial Radionuclide Concentration
High Background Areas
Nile Delta Egypt – 350 mrem/year
Paris, France – 350 mrem/year
Kerala, India – 400 mrem/year
McAlpe, Brazil – 2448 mrem/year
*Pocos de Caldas, Brazil*
*7000 mrem/year*
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Terrestrial Radiation Sources
Total Radiation Dose Equivalent
28 mrem/year or
0.28 mSv/year
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Inhaled Radiation Sources - Radon
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Inhaled Radiation Sources - Radon
Gas with progeny of particulates
From ground to air
Poor ventilation greater hazard
Highest exposure to general public
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Inhaled Radiation Sources - Radon
Dose depend on
Geographical area
Type structure
Type ventilation
Ramas, Iran
Individual exposure
to 26000 mrem/year
Radiation Dose Equivalent
Inhaled Radon Radiation Sources
200 mrem/year
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Internal Radiation Sources
Radionuclides in Body
Inhalation
Ingestion
Absorption
Present at birth
14C3H
22Na
40K
87Rb
230Th232Th
232Th226Ra
228Ra
238U 210Pb
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Internal Radiation Sources
Food
Possible pathway for all
K40 primary with food
Ra226 – brazil nuts and salmon
Pb210 - muscle meats and seafood
Ra228 through food
Drinking water
Ra226 & U238 ingested from drink
Ra226 level : water intake & water levels
Pb210 atmospheric aerosols & cigarette smoke
Air
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Internal Radiation SourcesDose
agesex
body mass
dietary habits
smoking
Radiation Dose Equivalent Internal Radiation Sources
40 mrem/year or 0.4 mSv/year
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Radiation Dose Equivalent Total
Natural Background Radiation Sources
296 mrem/year or2.96mSv/year
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Man-made Radiation Sources
Medical Procedures
x-rays
nuclear medicine
Nuclear Power Production
Consumer Products
Radioactive Materialfrom
Fallout
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Man-made Radiation SourcesX-ray
♥Provides most exposure
♥Minimum 6 mrem/x-ray
♥Average 200 mrem
Radiography x-rays
CT
Mammography
Average Radiation Dose Equivalent – X-rays
39 mrem/hr or 0.39 mSv
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Man-made Radiation SourcesNuclear medicine
Radiopharmaceuticals used
Diagnostic and therapeutic
Thallium heart stress tests
Tumor irradiation therapies
I131, Tc99m, Co60, Ir192, Cs137
Average Radiation Dose Equivalent
Nuclear medicine
14 mrem/year or 0.14 mSv/year
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Man-made Radiation SourcesMedical Radiation Sources
Total
Average Radiation Dose Equivalent
Medical Radiation SourcesX-ray & Nuclear Medicine
53 mrem/year or 0.53 mSv/year
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Man-made Radiation SourcesConsumer Product Radiation Sources
Electronic Products
Products of Radioactive Material
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Man-made Radiation SourcesConsumer Product Radiation Sources
Electronic Products
Examples TelevisionsVideo display terminalsAirport luggage inspection systemsPersonnel scanning systems
Produce x-rays
Designed to eliminate general public exposure
Radiation Dose Equivalent Electronic Products
<1 mrem/yr
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Man-made Radiation SourcesConsumer Products with Radioactive Material
Radioluminous products – Ra-226, H-3, Pm-147
Spark gap indicators & electron tubes-Co-60, H-3, Kr-85, Cs-137, Ni-63, Pb-210
Smoke detectors – Ra-226 Cardiac pacemakers – Pu-238
Check sources-Co-60Ra-226Sr-90Kr-85
Lighting rods – Ra-226, Am-241
Ra226 watches – 3 mrem/yr Tritium watches – 0.6 mrem/yr
Pacemaker – 100 mrem/yr Smoke detectors – 1 mrem/yr
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Man-made Radiation SourcesConsumer Product Radiation Sources
Products of Radioactive MaterialNatural Radioactive Material Products
♣ Highway and road construction material
♣ Fertilizer Products
♣ Opthalmic glass – 400 mrem♣ Combustible coal – 4 mrem♣ Combustible oil♣ Combustible natural gas – 6-9 mrem
♣ Glass & ceramics – 2400 mrem
♣ Dental Products – 60000 mrem ♣Gas mantles – 0.1-0.4 mrem
♣ Camera lenses♣ Thoriated tungsten welding rods
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11 mrem/year or 0.11 mSv/year
Man-made Radiation Sources
Consumer Product Radiation Sources
Average Radiation Dose Equivalent
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Man-made Radiation SourcesRadioactive Material from Fallout
Atmospheric testing to 1960’sUnderground testing after 1960’s
Example Isotopes releasedC-14, Na-22, Sr-89, Pl-239, Ar-39, Cs-137, Sr-90, I-131
Isotopes decayed or bottom of oceanExposure depleted over time
Average Radiation Dose Equivalent
<1 mrem/year or <0.01 mSv/year
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Man-made Radiation Sources Nuclear Power Production
►Mining
►Milling and Refinement
►Enrichment
►Fabrication of pellets, fuel rods and bundles for use in the reactor
►Power generation
►Storage
►Transportation
►Burial
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Man-made Radiation Sources Nuclear Power Production
Power Plant Operation
Exposure Direct – radiation produced in processEffluents – gas & liquid released
Regulations for exposure and effluent release control
Maximum Exposure - <1 mrem/year
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Radiation Dose Equivalent Total
Man-made Radiation Sources
64 mrem/year0.64 mSv/year
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Exposure from Sources of Radiation General Public
Natural Background Radiation296 mrem/yr 2.96 mSv/yr
Man-Made Radiation –64 mrem/yr 0.64 mSv/yr
Cosmic Radiation – 28 mrem/yr 0.28 mSv/yr
Terrestrial Radiation28 mrem or 0.28 mSv/yr
Inhaled (radon)200 mrem/yr or 2.0 mSv/yr
Internal Radiation40 mrem/yr or 0.4 mSv/yr
Medical processes –53 mrem/yr 0.53 mSv/yr
X-ray- 39 mrem/yrNuclear medicine – 14 mrem/yr
Consumer products11 mrem/yr or 0.11 mSv/yr
Fallout<1 mrem/yr or <0.01 mSv/yr
Nuclear power production<1 mrem/yr or <0.01 mSv/yr
Average Total 360 mrem/yr 3.6 mSv/yr
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Controlling General Public Dose
Controllable
Man-made exposure in workplaceOperations releasing man-made/naturally
occurringRadiation producing machinesLocalized area of environmental releasesTechnologically enhancedMedical exposures to non-patientsIndoor Radon
Non-controllable
Natural terrestrial Cosmic radiation Natural inside body Medical to patient Fallout Regional from accidents
Ways to limit exposure
Test the home for Radon and reduce levels if necessary Evaluate medical uses and weigh the benefits versus the risk Participate in public decisions-making