1© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
IEEE LA Chapter Meeting
Space Communications and Navigation Space Communications and Navigation Services for Homeland Defense (HD)Services for Homeland Defense (HD)
Dr. Lubo JocicSystems Planning and Engineering
The Aerospace Corporation
May 8, 2002
2© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
ContentsContents
•• HD PathfinderHD Pathfinder•• Operations ConceptOperations Concept•• Critical InfrastructureCritical Infrastructure•• Comm. and Navigation ServicesComm. and Navigation Services•• Architecture OpportunitiesArchitecture Opportunities•• Way ForwardWay Forward
3© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Integrated Planning Process in the 1990s Integrated Planning Process in the 1990s Threat/NeedsThreat/Needs--Based, Serial ProcessBased, Serial Process
Ops &Sustainment
IPP
Requirements Generation System
MissionSolutionsAnalysis
Concepts / Solutions
MissionNeeds
Analysis
PrioritizedNeeds
RRC
MissionArea
Assessment
Operational & Support
Tasks
Modernization Planning Process
AF StrategicPlan
AFSPCVision CINC
IPLs
Programming& Budgeting
AcquisitionManagement
SystemMN
S
CO
NO
PS
OR
D
IntegratedInvestment
Analysis
25-YearInvestmentRoadmap
RRCPRC
MA
Ps
MSP
s
S&T
Pla
ns
DP
s
4Developmental Planning © 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
CapabilityCapability--Based Concept DevelopmentBased Concept Development
AggregateNeeded
Capabilities &Ops Constraints
AllocateFunctions
Down-selectFunctional
Architectures
QuantitativeDesign
Cost & Ops.Effectiveness
Analyses
SystemSystemPurpose &Purpose &FeaturesFeatures
FunctionalFunctionalArchitectureArchitecture
OptionsOptionsPerformancePerformance
BoundsBounds
EvaluateCONOPS &
ThreatMitigation
ConceptualizeTechnology& Industry
Trends
•
• •
System Concepts, CAIV ReportsSystem Concepts, CAIV Reports
SystemsSystemsDescriptionsDescriptions
Few Arch. Few Arch. CandidatesCandidates
CONOPSCONOPS
•
TechnicalTechnicalConceptsConcepts
•
EvaluatePerformance
& Costs(Preliminary)
SystemEngineering
System Architecting
5© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Homeland Defense PathfinderHomeland Defense Pathfinderfor Capabilityfor Capability--Based PlanningBased Planning
Ops &Sustainment
IPP
Requirements Generation System
MNA Needs & MSA ConceptsAllocation of Functions to
Systems/ArchitecturesTechnical Concept Definition
Concept of UsePerformance Evaluation
MAA OpsTasks
Needed Capabilities, Operational Constraints
Capability-based Planning Process
Programming& Budgeting
AcquisitionManagement
SystemMN
S
CO
NO
PS
OR
D
IIA Investment Roadmap
ROM Costs
RRCPRC
AF Strategic Plan AFSPC Vision
QDR: Embrace uncertainty, contend with
surprise
CINC IPLsHow
adversary can fight?
What capabilities adversary can have?
MA
Ps
MSP
s
DP
s
S&T
Pla
ns
RRC
6© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
WarWar--onon--Terrorism LongTerrorism Long--term Challenges
• Social: Mitigate social origins of extremism in failed Mitigate social origins of extremism in failed statesstates
• Organizational: Maintain coalition networks with global Maintain coalition networks with global reachreach
• Doctrinal: Foster coalition collaboration for operational Foster coalition collaboration for operational coherencecoherence
• Technological: Provide interoperable information Provide interoperable information infrastructureinfrastructure• Secure wireless Internet connectivity anywhere on the
globe• Direct radio and TV broadcasts, Internet to indigenous
people and schools• Narrative: a grounded expression of coalition identity, a grounded expression of coalition identity,
values, purposevalues, purpose
term Challenges
It takes a coalition network to fight terrorist networks!
7© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Sept. 11 Wireless Comm. Lessons Learned Sept. 11 Wireless Comm. Lessons Learned
• Wireless traffic soared*• while Manhattan infrastructure was destroyed
• Cell-phones were ineffective• during the height of the Pentagon response**
• Best performers • Public safety radios**• Commercial instant messaging, e-mail, and bulletin boards*
• Regional/state comm. needed• State and federal secondary responders not interoperable
with local first responders**
Cell-phones were unresponsive when most needed by first respondersSources: *NRIC Report, Oct 30, 2001; **PSWN Report, Jan. 02
8© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
InterInter--agency CONOPS for FEMA agency CONOPS for FEMA “Federal Response Plan”“Federal Response Plan”
Source: Dr Popp, HLS C2 ACTD, July 2001
USD
AD
ICD
OD
DO
EdD
OE
DH
HS
DH
UD
DO
ID
OJ
DO
LD
OS
DO
TTR
EAS
VA AID
AR
CEP
AFC
CFE
MA
GSA
ICC
NA
SAN
CS
NR
CO
PMTV
AU
SPS
Dept orAgency
ESF
Emergency Support Functions (ESFs)Emergency Support Functions (ESFs)
TransportationComms
Public Works& Engineering
FirefightingInformation& PlanningMass CareResourceSupportHealth &
Medical SvcsUrban Search
& RescueHazMat
Food
Energy
S S S S P S S S S
S S S S S S S P
S S P S S S S S S S S S
P S S S S S
S S S S S S S S S S S S P S S S S
S S S S S S S P S S S
S S S S S S S S S P S S
S S P S S S S S S S S S S
S S S S S S S P S
S S S S S S S S S S P S S S
P S S S S S S
S S P S S S S S S
Activate ESFs(as required)
P = Primary responsibility, S=Support
NationalLevel
ActionsNational
LevelActions
Establish CatastrophicDisaster Response Group
& Agency EmergencySupport Teams
ActivateAgency EOCs
RegionalLevel
ActionsRegional
LevelActionsEstablish
Regional Op Center
Deploy Advance Elementof Emergency Response Team
(to State Op Facs & disaster site)Establish
Disaster Field Office
Respond with FullEmergency Response Team
9© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Homeland Defense CONOPSHomeland Defense CONOPS
INFOCON: BRAVO DEFCON: BRAVO INFOCON: BRAVO DEFCON: BRAVO INFOCON: BRAVO DEFCON: BRAVO INFOCON: BRAVO DEFCON: BRAVO INFOCON: BRAVO DEFCON: BRAVO
SPACECOMSTRATCOM
JFCOMSOCOM
PACOMTRANSCOM
EUCOMCENTCOM
NORTHCOMSOUTHCOM
ResponseTeam 2
ResponseTeam 3
GCCS
+ Civil Participants COORDINATE, CONTROL + National Guard
C2 & Info via Assured Network Connectivity
DecisionSupportThreat
Tracking
ResponseTeam 1
ResponseTeam 4
Source: Dr Popp, HLS C2 ACTD, July 2001
10© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Homeland Defense C2/Info ConnectivityHomeland Defense C2/Info Connectivity
CINCPAC. . . . . .
otheragencies CINC
SPACECINC
NORTHCINC
JFCOMCINC
SOUTH
FEMARegion1 EOC
FEMARegion12 EOC
. . . . . . . .other regions
Internet
FEMAEmergencyResponse
TeamFEMAEmergencyResponse
TeamFEMA
EmergencyResponse
Team
AgencyTrusted
Net
AgencyTrusted
Net
AgencyTrusted
Net
Selected assured comms & C2 sites
FW
Cell &LM Rnets
Cell &LM Rnets
Cell &LM Rnets
JTFCivil
Support
JointResponse
Force
DoDEmergencyResponse
Team
HD Virtual Net(DISN Assured QoS)
FW
FWFW
DefenseAgencies
NIPRNET, SIPRNET
NIPRNET, SIPRNET, HD Virtual Net
(potential)
DoD C2DoD C2
deter, prevent. attribute, preempt, retaliate
first response,consequence Mgmt
othercomms
Intell(IC)
FWFWFW
(potential)
Source: Dr Popp, HLS C2 ACTD, July 2001
NCA JCSCongress
NHSA/FEMADoT DoS
FW
11© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Critical Capability: ASSURED CONNECTIVITYCritical Capability: ASSURED CONNECTIVITYSituation assessment and coordination across National Command and the CINCs, Services, Agencies, Departments, States, Law Enforcement, etc during high network disruption
• Enabling Infrastructure– Secure, survivable inter-agency coordination
network– built through the commercial infrastructure– with military network augmentation (GIG*) as needed to ensure availability.
– Dynamic, assured quality of service data, voice, video, multimedia conferencing & streaming data for disadvantaged & mobile users
– Defense-in-Depth and redundant failover options for the National and Defense Information Infrastructures (NII, DII/GIG)
Source: Dr Popp, HLS C2 ACTD, July 2001
12© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Assured Wireless ServicesAssured Wireless Services
•• OmniOmni--DirectionalDirectional--Receiver Comm. Receiver Comm. • Emergency alert messages • Coordinate & control voice, data, and video• Wireless Internet data, images, and video
•• BroadBroad--Band Communications Band Communications • Assured Backup C2 links • Information Processing Backup Networks
•• Enhanced Navigation Enhanced Navigation • Navigation Protect • Differential Corrections
•• NavigationNavigation--Related CommunicationsRelated Communications• Position reporting messages• Aviation Comm., Navigation, Surveillance
13© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
OmniOmni--Directional Comm. ServicesDirectional Comm. Services
• Messaging • Emergency alert messages to/from dispersed users about
impending threats and disasters, order-wire to dispatch centers • Data rates: 200 bps per user per message
• Voice• Coordinate and control (C2) across multiple agencies /
jurisdictions • Data rates: 2.4, 4.8, and 9.6 kbps for voice recognition in diverse
user environments• Data and Video
• Homeland Defense Wireless Internet for mobile users’situational awareness, image updates, identification data, threat and status updates, file broadcasts, and shared databases
• Data rates between 16 and 256 kbps
14© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Flexible L/S Band Flexible L/S Band ChannelizationChannelization
20 MHz bandwidth
1.25 MHz1.25 MHz
DATA RATE = 4.8 kbps DATA RATE = 4.8 kbps to 256 kbpsto 256 kbps
WW--CDMA COMPATIBLECDMA COMPATIBLE
CH 210 MHz
CH 110 MHz
5 MHz
5 MHz5 MHz
5 MHz
Voice and Data Data Rate, kbps
Number of Networks per Satellite Beam
Voice at 4.8 200 Data / Video at 64 40
Data / Images at 256 10 Messaging (200 bits) Messages per second Emergency / Alert 300 Position Reporting 300
Differential Corrections 300
4.8 kbps – 9.6 kbps
16 kbps - 64 kbps 16 kbps - 64 kbps
128 kbps - 256 kbps
1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz
15© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
BroadBroad--Band Communication ServicesBand Communication Services
• Assured connectivity • Backup C2 links to Deployed Command & Dispatch
Centers and micro-cell repeaters for line-of-sight radio connection to First Responders (survivable backup to VSAT links)
• Backup Information Networks between law-enforcement, intelligence, and defense database and processing centers (backup to fiber)
• Data rates: 2.4 kbps to 8 Mbps, total capacity TBD• Space Data Pipe
• Sensor data dump from space data network• Data rate: several Gbps
16© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
SSC/NEO
JTRS
MTW
Global Fiber Network
Ground BackboneHigh Capacity
Gateways
Fiber
Space Crosslinks
NASA & NOAA
In-theater fiberentry points
MSE, WIN/T
COIN
Wideband Comms
Commercial
User linksnot shown
Connections to non-communications satellites
Air BackboneCommercial ACNs
Airborne Communications Network
For Deployed High-Density Users
Protected Comms
LEO&A
Narrowband Comms
Space Network
Post 9Post 9--11 MILSATCOM 11 MILSATCOM VISION with CONUS OpsVISION with CONUS Ops
CONUSC2
Backup
17© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Navigation ServicesNavigation Services
• Navigation Protect• +25dB increased strength M and P(Y) signals for
improved performance in NAVWAR theater or in terrorist jamming
• +10dB increased strength L5 and L2c signals in CONUS for improved FAA WAAS and LAAS performance in interference
• Differential Corrections• Correction Messages for national augmentation
systems• Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) • Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)• National Differential System (NDS)
18© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Navigation ProtectNavigation Protect
Terrorist Jammer
LAAS
Terrorist Aircraft
USERS
Terrorist Jammer
First Responders
L5, L2c in CONUS(M, P(Y) in Theater)
Civil Aviation
19© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
NavigationNavigation--Related Comm. ServicesRelated Comm. Services
• GPS Position Reporting• to track emergency workers, first responders, border
patrols, counter-terrorism teams, medical supplies, shipments to/from contaminated areas, tagged aircraft, individuals and shipments, search and rescue
• Aviation Comm., Navigation, Surveillance• Assured infrastructure for FAA CNS total aerospace
awareness• C2 links to aircraft• Common operating picture updates
20© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Position ReportingPosition Reporting
GPS USERSOn-Board De-
Spreading
Control Center
UHF Omni w/ 5.6 W
UHF SAR• global coverage• backward compatibility• triple canopy penetration
406 MHz SAR
Secure EHF linkGPS
Position Report
L/S-band Omni 0.5 W• CONUS coverage• LPI/LPD covertness
GPS Signal
21© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
HD Comm. Architecture ElementsHD Comm. Architecture Elements
• Terrestrial Baseline: Ground-mobile, hand-held and vehicular omni-directional radios connected through local fixed/deployable dispatch centers/repeaters (mobile, air-dropped, or truck-delivered) equipped with commercial VSAT or GETS links.
• Airborne Augmentation: "Last mile" mobile comm with hand-held and vehicular omni-directional radios interconnected through a regional (e.g. county or state-wide) airborne dispatch center/repeater aboard an aircraft and equipped with commercial VSAT and/or microwave LOS links.
• Nation-wide Space Overlay (USERS): Nation-wide augmentation with direct-to-satellite links from vehicular/ handheld terminals and repeaters with wide-band links to federal, state, and local command posts, dispatch and data centers.
22© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
U.S. Emergency Response SatelliteU.S. Emergency Response Satellite--USERSUSERS
Candidate MissionsCandidate Missions: :
HD Assured C2HD Assured C2HD Wireless InternetHD Wireless InternetPosition reportingPosition reportingProtected GPSProtected GPS NavNavAviation Aviation CommComm / / NavNavSpace Launch RangeSpace Launch RangeWideWide--band Gatewayband Gateway
Satellite augmentation of lineSatellite augmentation of line--ofof--site radios, site radios, commercial PSN, and cellular comm. across commercial PSN, and cellular comm. across U.S. Homeland Defense agenciesU.S. Homeland Defense agencies
Mission Data Link
DATA CENTER
USERS
Line-Of-Site Radios
Fiber, PSN
Narrow-Band Satellite Links
EMERG. CONTROL CENTER
MOBILE COMMAND POST
Cellular Phones
Wide-Band Sat. Links
USERS provides survivable subnets in the DoD Global Information Grid dedicated to last-mile connections to mobile First Responders in the U.S.
23© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
User TerminalsUser Terminals
EHFL/S
EHF
EHF
• Omni-directional receivers• Hand-held phones• Search and rescue radios• GPS receivers• Patrol car radio
• Directional receivers• Portable satcom terminal• Deployable command center satcom terminal• Truck mounted satcom terminal• Fixed station HDR terminal
24© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Functional IntegrationFunctional Integration
•• Integrated with public safety radios, PSN, and cellular Integrated with public safety radios, PSN, and cellular networks across Homeland Defense agencies/jurisdictionsnetworks across Homeland Defense agencies/jurisdictions
•• USERS is to be integrated in future space networks USERS is to be integrated in future space networks (NSSS, TCS, MUOS, GPS)(NSSS, TCS, MUOS, GPS)
CONUS Downlink
Laser Crosslinkto TCS
HD Internet
Laser Crosslinkto TCS
USERS
*
USERS connects federal, state, local agencies, and First RespondUSERS connects federal, state, local agencies, and First Respondersers
25© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Candidate USERS ArchitecturesCandidate USERS ArchitecturesCDC Case 1a 1b 5 6 3 4
Area of Interest AmericasHomeland Defense
CAIV Configurations HD Missions
Hand-held + EHF
Commercial Derivative
Broad-band Comm
Broad-band + GPS
Assured Comm &
GPS
Networked Comm +
GPSAssured C2 x x x x x xPosition Reporting x x x x x3G Internet & PCS x x x xFAA Comm, Nav x x xGPS Augmentation x x xWide-band Gateway x x xLaunch Range Com x x
Antennas 12 m S-band, EHF PA
12 m S-band, EHF PA
EHF PA, Laser
9 m L-nav, EHF, Laser
12 m L/S-band, EHF PA
12 m S-band, EHF PA
Payloads PCS, EHF PCS, EHF EHF, Laser EHF, Laser, GPS
PCS, EHF, GPS
PCS, EHF, GPS, Laser
Constellation (No. Sats) 1 1 2 5 5 5Inclination (deg) 7 7 28 65 65 65
Dry Satellite Mass (kg) 2833 3359 1737 2463 3684 3412Launch Vehicle Delta IV M+(4,2) Delta IV M+(5,4) Delta IV M+(4,2) Delta IV M+(5,4) Atlas V 500 (5) Atlas V 400 (3)
Number of Launches 2 2 3 6 6 6Average Sat. cost ($M) 340 391 263 304 365 348
CONUS Global
26© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Candidate Constellations Candidate Constellations
1 GEO Elmin=13°
2 2 GEO, 28° Inclined Elmin=20°
3 HIO, 65° Elmin=13°
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Transition to Global: 5 or 6Transition to Global: 5 or 6 Sats Sats
28© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Satellite FeaturesSatellite Features
12m Reflector(~1deg L/S-band beams)
EHF Transmit PA (1 beam)
Comm System• Laser XL (4)• EHF Calibration
L/S-band Array Feed(16 Rec, 3 Xmit beams)
EHF Receive PA (6 beams)
29© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Notional Satellite DesignsNotional Satellite DesignsBroad-band only
Broad-band, GPS & PCS
Broad-band & GPS
30© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Architecture OpportunitiesArchitecture Opportunities
• Objective: Integrate Homeland Defense capabilities Integrate Homeland Defense capabilities in the MILSATCOM and GPS Transformation in the MILSATCOM and GPS Transformation architecturesarchitectures• Integrate HD broad-band and narrow-band
global communication functions in the NSSS– Omni-directional 3G Internet– EHF comm-on-the-move
• Or, Integrate HD CONUS comm. broad-band EHF functions with TCS gateway
– Laser connectivity, Two-satellite gateway• Integrate FAA Nav Protect and Nav-related
comm in the GPS III GEO augmentation
31© 2002 The Aerospace CorporationContact: [email protected]
Way ForwardWay Forward
• Input HD considerations into TCS and GPS III requirements and architecture definition activities• Include HD functions in the NSSS/TCS architecture• Leverage NSSA recommended architecture (a NSSS/T-Sat
variant) and MJPO evolutionary approach• Evaluate comm-on-the-move (COTM) TCS payload as a
broadband vehicle component of the HD needs
• Solicit vector-check from first & secondary responders: Space for Homeland Security Workshop
• Local, state (NY,CA), and federal Law Enforcement, Fire, and Medical Communities; FEMA, DOD/NORTHCOM, IC, DOJ, etc.
• Address non-space alternatives and commercial space assets• Priority access on commercial cellular, Globalstar, and Spaceway
systems; use and replenishment of Iridium• Use of an Airborne Comm. Node for city / county level coverage