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PAPERREF#8028
Proceedings:EighthInternationalSpaceSyntaxSymposium
EditedbyM.Greene,J.ReyesandA.Castro.SantiagodeChile:PUC,2012.
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SPATIALCONFIGURATIONSOFTHEURBANCORESIN
CENTRALINDIA
AUTHOR: PriyaCHOUDHARYVisvesvarayaNationalInstituteofTechnology,India
email:[email protected]
VinayakADANE
DepartementofArchitecture,VisvesvarayaNationalInstituteofTechnology,India
KEYWORDS: UrbanCores,OrganicPattern,TraditionalBuiltEnvironments,SpatialConfiguration,UserPreferences
THEME: UrbanStructureandSpatialDistribution
AbstractIndia,being inarapidphaseofurbanization;themajorityofthesmallandmediumsizecitiesaregrowing
since last decade. These cities usually have a traditional settlement as an urban core, developed in the
medievalperiodwithanorganicpatternandalmostfrozen intime,protecting its labyrinthinequalities,till
the19th
century. Forplanners, such built environments with an organic spatial organization are usually
chaoticduetoobviousgeometricirregularitywhichisconsideredasdisorder.Yet,thespatialconfiguration
seemsquite inharmonywith theusersof thatenvironment there.But thisharmony isgetting lost in the
emergingurbanenvironments inthedevelopingcities.This isbecauseofthe lackofunderstandingofuser
preferences,whileplanninganddesigningtheurbanbuiltenvironments. Thishasalotofphysicalandsocial
implicationsindevelopingcitiessuchasenvironmentalandsocioculturalconflicts. Thisdoesnotmeanthat
thesegrowing
cities
should
not
develop,
but
there
is
aneed
to
understand
the
user
preferences,
to
deal
appropriatelywithemergingurbanbuiltenvironments.
TheresearchisintendedwiththeneedofunderstandingbuiltenvironmentsinselectIndiancities incentral
India, in terms of their configuration to understand culture specific human preferences about space
proxemics.The researchhasbeenfosteredbyquestions: (1)How tounderstandandquantify the spatial
configurationsoforganicallyevolvedbuiltenvironmentsofurban cores in Indian cities? (2)Basedon the
configurationparameters,canoneunderstand thehumanaspects in termsofuserpreferencesabout the
spaceproxemics,intheIndiancontext.
Continuity and linkages with its kinesthetic is an important characteristic of traditional Indian built
environment.
Hence,
there
is
a
need
to
understand
built
environments
in
the
traditional
urban
cores
as
a
systemofspaceswithitstopologyandembeddedlogicaboutitshumanaspects.Spacesyntaxisselected
asamajortheoreticalpremisefortheresearchundertaken.
Indiaisavastcountrywithalotofdiversity.Hence,theurbancoresoffivedevelopingcitiesincentralIndia
with similar topographic, climatic conditions; are considered for the study. They are investigated by
representingthem intermsofasystemofspacesthroughaxialmapsandanalyzedusingDepthmap.Thus,
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Fig1:TraditionalcoreofNasik:Builtenvironmentanditsusers
thededucedsyntacticidentityinIndianbuiltenvironmentsisthenreviewedwithrespecttotheotherpartsof
theworld;referringthealreadyconductedresearchworks,throughsecondarysources.
Theanalysisofselectedexamplesshowssomesimilarityintermsofsyntacticidentity.Thesyntacticidentity
of the Indian traditional built environments shows some similaritywith the traditional Iranian cities but
otherwise it is quite different than the traditional built environments from other parts of world. The
placementof
important
religious,
administrative
or
commercial
urban
activity
nodes,
in
the
overall
spatial
configurationhashelpedtodeducetheculturespecifichumanpreferencesaboutspaceproxemics. Fromthis
research,aneffortismadetoexplicitlystatethespatialconfigurationasconcealedspatialrulesorprinciples
ofurbanismintheIndianbuiltenvironments,soastoevolveahumaneapproachtowardsthespatialdesign
ofemergingbuiltenvironmentsinurbanIndia.
1.BACKGROUND
India,beinginarapidphaseofurbanization;exceptveryfewurbanizedmetropolitancities,themajorityof
thesmallandmediumsizecitiesarenowgrowingsincethelastdecade.Thesecitiesusuallyhavetraditional
settlementasanurbancore,developedinthemedievalperiodwithanorganicpatternandalmostfrozenin
timetillthe19th
century;protectingitslabyrinthinequalities.Traditionally,notonlyinIndiabutinmostof
theworld,builtenvironmentsevolvedgraduallyand thevaluesabouthumanpreferencesgotembedded
intoit.Theseactedasaregulatororcontrollerofitsprogression.
Formodernplanners,thetraditionallyevolvedbuilt
environments with organic spatial organization are
usuallychaoticduetoobviousgeometricirregularity
which is considered as a disorder. (Karimi, 1997)
The traditionally evolved built environments may
havesomeproblemsintermsofphysicalparameters
suchasaccessibility,maintenancelevel,hygieneetc.;
buttheyseemtobeinharmonywiththeusers.(fig.
1)Thisharmonyisgettinglostintheemergingurban
environments of developing cities, though these
urban environments satisfy most of the physical
parameters. This is because of the lack of
understanding of user preferences, while planning
and
designing
the
urban
built
environments.
User
preferencesintermsofspaceproxemicsvarydueto
theculturaldifferences. Spaceproxemics isaterm
for the mans use of space as a specialized
elaboration of culture.(Hall, 1966) In India, in the
post independenceperiod; theurbanenvironments
are usually dealt on the basis of planning norms
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based on the British planning legacies. These norms have mostly ignored the culture specific user
preferences about space proxemics. The patterns of new spatial configuration, based on the urban
rationalityofthemodernplanningpractices,arebeinggrosslyappliedtotheexistingbuiltenvironmentsor
thedevelopingnewbuiltenvironments inIndia;withoutactuallyunderstanding itsappropriatenesstothe
Indiansituations.Thishasalotofphysicalandsocialimplicationssuchasenvironmentalandsociocultural
conflicts. One can observe the repercussions of the approach adopted to deal with the urban built
environments,inthemetrocitiesofIndiawhicharealreadydevelopedandarefacinginnumerablethreats.
Thisdoesnotmeanthatthesegrowingmediumsizecitiesshouldnotdevelop.However,thereisaneedto
understanduserpreferencesandtodealwiththeemergingurbanbuiltenvironmentsappropriately.
Thus,theresearchisintendedwiththeneedofunderstandingbuiltenvironmentsintraditionalurbancores
ofselectIndiancitiesincentralIndia,intermsoftheirspatialconfigurationsasaresultofuserpreferences.
Thismayhelptoevolveahumaneapproachtodealtheemergingbuiltenvironmentsindevelopingcitiesof
Indiawithobjectivity.Onlytraditionalurbancoresareconsideredforthestudyandnotthecompletecities,
astheobjective istounderstandtheembeddedhumanaspects intermsofuserpreferencesaboutspace
proxemics. If the complete cities are considered, the planned portions are also included and this would
obscuretheverypurposeofthestudy.
1.1NeedoftheStudy
Thephysicalcomponentof the urban environment is the built environment which in turn isverymuch
interrelated to the social environment as well. Built environments basically mean everything that is
humanely created, modified, arranged or maintained. Thus, collectively, the products and processes of
human creation are called the built environments. (McClure, Bartuska, & Bartuska, 2007) It is as old as
mankind.Yet,Builtenvironmentasaconcept; isarelativelyrecentandverymuchan inclusiveconcept.
Wehavebeenstudyingandanalyzingthebuiltenvironmentundertheheadssuchasarchitecture,urban
design,
urban
planning
etc.
Understanding
built
environment
as
an
all
inclusive
concept
makes
a
lot
of
difference as now the focus is on the interrelationships between its the components and the
interrelationshipsbetweenmanandenvironments.Hencebuiltenvironmentasaparadigm isrelevantfor
thestudyofuserpreferences.
Builtenvironmentsarebasicallyorganizationofspaceastheyconsistofspace(un built)andmatter(built)
(Fig.2).Thespacesarelinkedtoeachother,formingasystemofspaces.Thewaytheseindividualspaces
are formed and most importantly, linked together; is responsible for spatial configuration of the built
environment.Thesocioculturalaspectsintermsoftheuserpreferencesareresponsiblefortheevolutionof
spatial configuration in a built environment, over a period of time. Thus, the built environment and the
socialenvironmentaretwosidesofthesamecoinandthatisthesystemofspaces.Theyareverymuch
relatedandoneaffectstheother.Itsacyclicprocessandchangingqualityofthespatialconfigurations is
responsibleforthechangingsociallifeandviceversa.We,theplannersareresponsibleforshapingthebuilt
environmentandhencethereisaneedforunderstandinghumanaspectsintermsoftheuserpreferences,
foragivensocioculturalcontext.Insomesporadiceffortsbydesignersandplanners,thereisaneffortto
emulate and transplant some of the qualities of traditional built environments to the contemporary
emerging built environments with reference to obvious aspects such as irregular geometry, without
understandingtheinbuiltlogic,hasbeenmostlyunsuccessful.
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Fig.2:BuiltEnvironment:systemofspaces
IntheIndiancontext,onefindsthatthereisalack
of systematic studies to investigate the built
environments with respect to the spatial
configuration and the user preferences about
spaceproxemics.Whateverstudiesaredone,they
mostlyfocuson individualplaceswith itssize,
shape,qualityofenclosurethroughthedescriptive
analysis. Understanding a city through parts i.e.
places has its own limitations. Places dont make
citiesbutcitiesmakeplaces.(Hillier,2007)Hence,
aspatialconfigurationofbuiltenvironments,asa
continuous system of spaces, needs to be
understood. As mentioned earlier, the present
approachofdealingbuiltenvironmentsisbasedon
the normative planning practices based on the
British planning theories. There is a need to
develop
positive
theories
which
can
help
us
to
understand the user built environment
relationshipinIndiancontext.Thoughtheclassical
andmonumentalarchitecture iswellstudiedand
documented,thevernacularandtraditionalIndian
architecture, in terms of vast variety of settlements, isstill not researched upon fully.Whilehighlighting
about the rich variety of traditional/ vernacular built environments in India, Madhavi Desai(2007) has
sightedthequotefromDeForestsbookonIndianArchitecture;whichstates,Nocountryaffordsagreater
varietythanIndiawhereeachcityhasitsownpeculiaritiesindetailandplan.
BuiltenvironmentsofthegraduallyevolvedtraditionalIndiansettlementshavespatialconfigurationswhich
have encoded the intrinsic patterns of user preferences. Certainly, there is a need to decode that
informationbyanalyzingthespatialconfigurations,usingtheempiricalstudiesdoneearlier.
1.2TraditionalBuiltEnvironmentsinIndia:
Indias traditionalbuiltenvironmentsdonotconfine to thehistoricpreservedobjects frozen in timeand
space, but rather as cultural traditions which have transcended the time and space to remain alive and
appropriate even in the present. (Desai, 2007) India has a history full of intense, political and cultural
experiences. Therefore, it has multiple and pluralistic manifestations resulting in multi layered built
environments.Thus,theurbancoresofcitiesintermsoftraditionalsettlements;thoughhavedevelopedat
aparticularpointoftime,theywere lefttoevolve inaphysicalpatternassocietyevolved.Thus,tilldate,
these built environments have been very much living and thus evolving. The existing spatial
configurations in these built environments are a result of the process of natural selection of human
preferencesoveraperiodoftime.
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Fig.3:organicsettlement partplanofVaranasi
Secondly,as faras thespatialconfigurationof these
traditional Indian built environments is concerned,
continuity and linkages are important aspects. Being
organicpatterns,thespatialconfigurationhasmostly
a non linear organization through shifting axis of
movement.(fig.3)Ithelpsgraduallyunfoldthespaces
andintroduceanelementofsurprise.Therearepause
points and thresholds that help one reorient and
reaffirm bearings in space.( Pandya 2005) They are
presentinmostoftheIndianbuiltenvironmentsbutit
isnotenoughtounderstandthemasdescriptionsbut
these should be quantified by specific mechanism.
Hence if one wants to understand Indian built
environments,itisnecessarytounderstandthemasa
system of spaces with its intertwined relationships
betweenthepartsandawhole.
1.3ProblemIdentification:
Tounderstandtheorganicpatternof traditional Indianbuiltenvironments, it is importanttoquantify its
spatialconfiguration.Thewayspacesareconfiguredorarrangedorpatternedinasystemofspacescanbe
calledasaspatialconfiguration. Irregularity is theprimary featureoftheorganicpatternas itcannotbe
measuredingeometricpropertiessuchasrepetition,symmetry,parallelelements,andalignmentandsoon.
The Geometrical properties help us to find out order. Lack of such geometric properties in the organic
patternisresponsibleforlabellingitasadisorder.AStructureisabouttherelationshipbetweentheparts
andawholei.e.spatialconfiguration.Thus,thesetraditionalurbancoresthoughlackinanyobviousorder
butcertainlyhaveastructure.Hencetheseorganicallyevolvedpartsofcitiesthatareurbancores inthe
contemporarydevelopingIndiancities,ifanalysedintermsofspatialconfiguration,willhelptounderstand
itsspatialstructureasaresultoftheculturespecificuserpreferencesintheIndiancontext. Foranalysing
thesystemofspaceswithfocusonthespatialstructure,notonlythegeometryofspacesisimportantbut
moreimportantisthetopology.
1.4ResearchObjectivesandMethodology
TheresearchisintendedwiththeneedofunderstandingbuiltenvironmentsinselectIndiancitiesincentral
India, in terms of their configuration to understand culture specific human preferences about space
proxemics.The researchhasbeen fosteredbyquestions: (1)Howtounderstandandquantify thespatial
configurationsoforganicallyevolvedbuiltenvironmentsofurbancores in Indiancities? (2)Basedonthe
configurationparameters,canoneunderstandthehumanaspectsintermsofuserpreferencesaboutspace
proxemics,inIndiancontext?
Thustheprimaryresearchobjectivesare
1. To identify appropriate methodology to study and quantify the spatial configurations of organically
evolvedbuiltenvironmentsofurbancoresinIndiancities.
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2. Todeducethehumanaspectsintermsofuserpreferencesaboutspaceproxemics,inIndiancontext
2.EPISTEMOLOGICALBASIS:
The
synthesis
of
various
theories
to
create
a
framework
to
investigate
spatial
configuration;
can
become
the
required epistemological basis for such a research. Thus the study of number of identified important
theories isdone; to formulatebasis forpragmatic approach forcomprehending humanaspectsof Indian
traditionalbuiltenvironments.
TherelationshipofhumanaspectstobuiltenvironmenthasbeendiscussedbymanypioneerssuchasLewis
Mumford, Amos Rapoport and Christopher Alexander. Lewis Mumford(1961) was one of the pioneers
whose thinking about urban affairs was not limited up to physical structure but also focused on social
implicationsofitaswell.AmosRapoporthadhighlightedaneedtodevelopthescientificapproachtothe
studyofbuiltenvironment focusingonculturespecifichumanaspects.Hearguedthatthesetofrulesof
spatial organization are different for different groups.(Rapoport 1997). The sociocultural factors such as
userpreferences(whatyougiveimportanceto)keeponchangingwithtime,placeandpeopleandcanbe
understoodthroughthestudyofbuiltenvironments.
ChristopherAlexander,throughhistheories,alwaysfocusedonstructureandorderofbuiltenvironments.
Thushehasexplainedtheconceptoflife inanythingaroundus, includingbuiltenvironments.The idea
thatChristopherAlexander(2005)haspresented isthat;a livingprocessalwayshasenormousrespectfor
thestateandthemorphologyofwhatexistsandalways findsthenextstepforwardwhichpreservesthe
structureofwhatexistsandextendsitslatentstructure.Incaseofbuiltenvironmentsalso,ifwewantthem
tobe alive; theevolution has tobe inaccordancewithexistingstate.Therefore, todealemergingbuilt
environmentsindevelopingIndiancities,thereisaneedtodeducetheconfigurationofexistingtraditional
builtenvironmentsandthereasoningbehindthemintermsofhumanpreferences.
Tostudythebuiltenvironmentsintermsofhumanpreferencesresponsibleforitsstructure,itisnecessary
toquantifyitsspatialconfiguration.Forsuchastudyofspatialconfiguration,thespacesyntaxtheorybyBill
HillierandJulienneHanson(1984)hasbeenreferred.Spacesyntaxdescribesthetopologicalconnectionsof
unitspaces throughdepthanalysis, typically using thegraph theory. It is aboutunderstandingsystem of
spacesintermsofitsconfigurationproperties.Aspatialconfigurationisdefinedasarelationaffectedbythe
simultaneouscopresenceofatleastathirdelementandpossiblyallotherelementsinacomplex.Theaim
ofthenumericalsideofsyntacticanalysisistodeepenthedescriptionsbyexpressinginaconcisewayvery
complexrelationalpropertiesofspacesandofthesystemasawhole(Hillier2007).Thus,thespacesyntax
methodologywith itstechniquestoquantifyconfigurations;cancertainlyhelptodeduceuserpreferences
aboutmovement,andsubsequentlytheculturespecificnormsaboutspaceproxemicsrootedinit.Hence,it
isselectedasamajortheoreticalpremisefortheresearchundertaken.Itrestsonthreebasicconceptionsof
space.
a.Anisovist;thefieldofviewfromaparticularpoint.
b.Axialspace;astraightline
c.Convexspace:nolinebetweentwoofitspointsgoesoutsideitsperimeter.
Thetypesofsyntacticanalysisincludevisualfieldanalyses,nodeanalysesandaxiallineanalyses.
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Fig 4:SelectcitiesinCentralIndia
Source:www.mapsofindia.com
Axiallineanalysisischosenasappropriatemethodforresearchunderconsideration,asitcapturesthebasic
featuresofasystemofspacesinabuiltenvironment.Thespace isrepresentedbystraightlines,socalled
axiallines.Inbrief,thespacetobeexamined ismodeledby 'fewestand longeststraight linescoveringall
convexspaces'.(HillierandHansson,1984)Theseaxesaretherepresentativelinesofsightorvisibility and
movementorpermeability.Therefore,theconfigurationsofselecttraditionalcoresofdevelopingIndian
cities; are inspected by representing the system of spaces through axial maps. There are number of
softwaresavailablefordoingsuchtypeofsyntacticanalysisandafterthestudyandexploringtheuseoffew
softwares;DepthmapbyULCisidentifiedandusedforthestudy.
3.SAMPLESANDPROCEDURES:
Indiaisavastcountrywithalotofgeographic,climatic,ethnicandreligiousdiversity. Henceurbancoresof
fivedevelopingcities incentral Indiawithsimilar topographic,climaticconditions;areconsidered for the
study.Thoughtherearesomechangeshappening intheseurbancores intermsofwideningoftheroads
etc,yettheconfigurationsarenotdisturbedlargely,tilldate.
3.1SelectionCriteriaforSamples:
Thecriteriaforselectionofsamplesforthecitiesare:
a.Size(population)
b.Climate
c.DevelopingCities
d. Similar urban structure (ring radial) with
traditionalbuiltenvironmentasacore.
e.
Cultural
differences
in
terms
of
predominantreligion(Hindu/Islamic)
The selected cities are Nagpur, Bhopal,
Varanasi, Lucknow and Nasik whose urban
cores are analyzed(fig 4).All are developing
cities with population ranging within 12
million, as per 2001 census. The climatic
conditions are also similar as tropical or
subtropical climate with wet and dry or
humid conditions. The elevation of these
cities
from
mean
sea
level
is
varying
between 300500m above mean sea level.
Thedensitiesarevarying inthesecitiesbut
only core areas which are organically
evolved are considered. These cores are
mostlythedensepartsofthecitiesandare
at the geographical centre of the present
cities. Secondly, these cores have
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residential,commercialandsometimesindustrialactivities,thusresultingintoamixedlandusepattern.
BhopalisanadministrativecapitalofastatecalledMadhyaPradesh.Inthecorearea,therearesmallscale
industries and large retail businesses. It has dominating percentage of Muslim population. Similarly,
Lucknow isalsoastatecapitalofUttarPradesh. It isknown foratypicalkindofhandembroidery,called
chikan kari and in the core area, people are mostly involved in this as household industry. It also has
dominant percentage of Muslim population. Apart from majority Hindu population, it has substantial
percentageofMuslims.TherearealsosmallgroupsofSikhs,Jains,ChristiansandBuddhists.
VaranasiistheholiestplaceintheworldasfarasHinduismisconcerned.Itisoneoftheoldestcontinuously
inhabitedcitiesintheworldandprobablytheoldestinIndia.Itisacityoftemplesandtraditionallyknown
forcraftofsilkweaving.NasikisalsoaHindupilgrimagecity,butnowbecomingacosmopolitantowndueto
industrialization.
Nagpur is at the centre of India and is having most of its population engaged in tertiary sector (non
agriculturaleconomicactivities).Itisacosmopolitancitywithmorethanonefourthofpopulationbelonging
toschedulecastsandscheduledtribes.
3.2ProcedureforAnalysis:
The configurations of traditional cores of select cities are investigated by representing them in terms of
system of spaces through axial maps. Configuration parameters such as connectivity, local and global
integration,andinterpretiveparameterssuchasintelligibilityandsynergyareconsidered.
Connectivityofanaxiallinemeasuresthenumberoflinesthatdirectlyintersectthatgivenaxialline.Thus
connectivityofaspacerepresentedasanaxialspace,denotesthenumberofimmediateneighborhoodsofa
space. Integrationofaspace isbydefinitionexpressedbyavaluethat indicatesthedegreetowhichthat
space
is
integrated
or
segregated
from
a
system
as
a
whole
(global
integration),
or
from
a
partial
system
consistingofspacesafewstepsaway(localintegration)
Thecorrelationbetweenconnectivityandglobalintegrationisanimportantindicatorofhowclearanurban
systemisforitsusers;andiscalledasIntelligibility.TherelationshipbetweenlocalintegrationR3andglobal
integrationRn, iscalledsynergy.It indicatestherelationshipbetweenpartsofthespatialsystemtowhole
system.Theseparameterscanquantifythespatialconfiguration.Thus,deducedsyntacticidentityinIndian
traditionalbuiltenvironmentsisthenreviewedwithrespecttospatialconfigurationsofbuiltenvironments
fromotherpartsoftheworld;referringthealreadyconductedresearchworks,throughsecondarysources.
Thishashelpedtohighlightthe factthatconfigurationsare resultingoutofsomeculturespecifichuman
preferences.
Secondly, the important religious, administrative or commercial urban activity nodes evolve along
movementpatterns,dependingupontheculturespecificspaceproxemicsaboutpublicspaces.Hence,to
understandthehumanpreferencesintermsofnormsaboutculturespecificspaceproxemics,theplacement
of important religious, administrative or commercial urban activity nodes, in the overall spatial
configuration,areobserved.
ThereisaconcernaboutthevalidityofapplicationofspacesyntaxmethodologyinIndiancontextinterms
ofsubjectiveinterpretationofanalyticalconclusions.But,itcanonlyberesolvedbyconductingsuchastudy.
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2686
1232
43604502
5654
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 1 2 3 4 5
Num
berofaxes
AreainSq.Km.
NumberofAxes
Number
of
Axes
Fig5:Relationshipbetweennumberofaxesandarea
Second important concern about the use of syntactic analysis is whether the implications of topography
wouldbereflected intheaxialanalysisornot.Forthat,theresearchonAxial linesandcontour linesby
Valerio Cutini(2007) was referred. The researcher has investigated if altimetry variations affect on the
configuration indices of the built environment, when syntactic analysis is done; using space syntax
methodology.Itwasfoundthat,thetopographicfeaturesinfluencetheevolvedsystemofspacesandthus
getsreflectedindirectlyintheaxiallineanalysis(ValerioCutini2007).
4.FINDINGS:SYNTACTICANALYSIS
4.1NumberofAxes:Table1
Cities Areainsq.km NumberofAxes Corr.Coef Remarks
Bhopal 3.25 2686 1.00
SignificantpositivecorrelationforBhopal,NasikandNagpurNasik 2.5 1232
Nagpur 4.1 4360
Lucknow 2.6 4502 0.24
InsignificantpositivecorrelationforLucknow,BhopalVaranasi 2.85 5654
Averageno.ofaxis 3686.8
Numberofaxes inaspecifiedareacan
explain how fragmented the spatial
configuration is. More the number of
axes in a given area; more is the
fragmentation. Out of the studied
traditional cores of select Indian cities,
there is a significant positive
relationship between number of axes
and square kilometer area in case of
urban cores of Nagpur, Nasik and
Bhopal.(Table1,Fig.5)Butthenumber
of axes is much higher, irrespective of
area in case of Varanasi and Lucknow.
Thenumberofaxesishighestincaseof
Varanasi, making it the most
fragmentedcityfollowedbyLucknow.
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0
5
10
15
20
25
meanDepth integration
Rn
integration
R3
connectivity
Bhopal
Lucknow
Nagpur
Nashik
Varanasi
Fig6:ComparativeanalysisofSyntacticparameters
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
Bhopal Nasik Nagpur Lucknow Varanasi
Synergy
Inteligibility
Fig7:IntelligibilityandSynergy
4.2Comparativeanalysisofsyntacticparameters
The comparative analysis of syntactic
parameters of traditional cores of select
central Indian cities shows similar syntactic
propertieswithsomevariations. (Fig6)The
average mean depth varies from 11 to 16
except21.73forVaranasi.Theaverageglobal
integration (Rn) varies from 0.49 to 0.76,
exceptforNagpurwhichis0.90.
The average local integration is very much
consistent from 1.5 to 1.59,except1.68 for
Nasik.Theaverageconnectivity isalsoquite
consistent from 3.3 to 3.42, except 3.82 for
Nasik.
If
Intelligibility
and
synergy
are
considered,
the urban core of Nagpur is having better
synergy and intelligibility. It is followed by
NasikandBhopal.LucknowandVaranasiare
equally poor in terms of synergy and
intelligibility.(Fig.7)
Table2:NumericalSynthesis:ComparativeanalysesofurbancoresofselectIndiancities
Nameofthe
cities Meandepth IntegrationRn IntegrationR3 Connectivity Intelligibility Synerg
Min Average Max Min Average Max Min Average Max Min Average Max
Bhopal 1 14.82 27.73 0.21 0.64 5.09 0.21 1.53 5.09 0 3.5 22 0.065 0.25
Lucknow 1 16.89 31.38 0.21 0.61 1.08 0.21 1.53 4.19 0 3.3 48 0.029 0.17
Nagpur 1 11.62 20.2 0.21 0.9 1.83 0.21 1.59 3.97 0 3.27 33 0.17 0.51
Nasik 12.35 11.36 27.15 0.29 0.76 1.27 0.33 1.68 3.37 0 3.82 21 0.12 0.33
Varanasi 1 21.73 40.75 0.21 0.49 5.09 0.21 1.5 5.09 0 3.42 35 0.026 0.15
Average 15.284 0.68 1.566 3.46
Ahmadabad
(Raman2003) 0.8 1.74 2.97 0.115 0.193
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Thoughtheurbancoresofselect Indiancitiesshowsimilarsyntactic identity,therearepairsofBhopal&
Lucknow,Nagpur&Nasik;whichshowdistinctionsfromotherpair.Thesyntacticparametersaresimilarfor
BhopalandLucknow.Theintelligibilityisextremelypoorinboththecasesandsynergyvaluesarealsolow.
The twocitieshavesimilarsocialenvironment as thecoreareasaredominatedbyMuslimpopulation in
boththecities.Henceintable,thesetwocitiesarehighlightedwithsamecolour.(Table2)
NagpurandNasikhavesimilarsyntacticidentityastheybotharecosmopolitancitieswithmajorpercentage
ofpopulationbelongingtoHindureligion.
VaranasiistheoldestHinduPilgrimagecentreandthesyntacticparametersarequitedifferentthanother
fourcores.Thisisbecauseofthesocialenvironmentandthetypicalgeographicalsettingaswell.Thelarger
than life importancetotheriverGangesformostofthereligiousritualshasalsoresulted intothetypical
spatialconfiguration.(Table2)
Table3: SyntacticparametersofurbancoresofcentralIndiancitiesandothertraditionalsettlements:
Comparativeanalysis
Nameofthecities
Numberof
Cases
Number
ofAxes
Average
IntegrationRn
Average
IntegrationR3
Average
Connectivit
y
Average
Intelligibility
Average
Synergy
Urbancoresofcentral
Indiancities 5 3687 0.68 1.566 3.46 0.082 0.282
Iraniantraditional
Cities(Karimi1997) 6 0.482 1.6 2.772 0.116 0.16
Englishtraditional
cities(Karimi1997) 6 1.44 2.02 3.45 0.264 0.427
USA(Raman2003) 12 5420 1.61 2.956 5.835 0.224 0.559
Brazil(Medeiros,
Holanda2007) 44 7881 0.77 3.88 0.15 0.36
Arab(Raman2003) 18 840 0.65 1.619 2.975 0.231 0.16
AsiaPacefic(Medeiros,
Holanda2007) 32 6332 0.87 3.5 0.15 0.44
Portugal(Medeiros,
Holanda2007) 10 1453 0.86 3 0.28 0.59
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Fig10:IntegrationRnmapoftraditionalurbancoreofNagpur
NorthNottoscale
Index
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
AverageInteligibility
AverageSynergy
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
AverageIntegrationRn
AverageConnectivity
Fig8:Syntacticparameters:Comparativeanalysisforurbancoresof
Indiancitiesandotherpartsoftheworld
Fig9:Synergyandintelligibility:Comparativeanalysisforurbancoresof
Indiancitiesandotherpartsoftheworld
Comparativeanalysisofsyntacticparameterssuchasintegrationandconnectivity;oftraditionalcitiesfrom
other parts of the world and Indian traditional urban cores; shows configuration similarities with Iranian
traditionalcitiesandArabcities.(Table3,fig8)The intelligibilityofurbancoresofcentral Indiancities is
lowestcomparedtorestbuttheyarebettersynergisticcomparedtoIranianorArabcities.(Fig.9)Oneof
theobjectivesoftheresearchwasto identifyandquantifyspatialconfigurationoftraditional Indianbuilt
environment.Theabove mentioned findings bring out the fact that the traditionalcoresofselect Indian
citiespoint outaspecific syntactic identity, which is indicative of aculture specific spatial structure. The
Indiantraditionalbuiltenvironmentshaveadistinctstructureintermsofitsspatialconfiguration,whichis
quitedifferentfromtraditionalbuiltenvironmentsfromotherpartsoftheworld.
5.TRADITIONAL
INDIAN
BUILT
ENVIRONMENT:
DISCUSSIONS
The axial line models of traditional cores of select
Indian cities were analyzed in Depthmap. The
analyticalmapsforthesyntacticmeasuressuchasthe
local integration, global integration, connectivity;
were generated. The global integration maps for
traditional cores of Nagpur, Bhopal, Nasik, Lucknow
and Varanasi are shown in figures. Apart from the
numerical synthesis of syntactic parameters, which
indicates a syntactic identity for Indian traditional
built
environments;
there
are
fine
variations
within
the selected five. These variations point toward the
varyinghumanpreferencesforspaceproxemics,due
to cultural differences. The cultural differences are
mainly due to social norms rooted in the religion
followed by majority of the population in the select
fiveexamples.
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NorthNottoscale
Index
Fig12:IntegrationRnmapoftraditionalurban
coreofNasik
Fig11:IntegrationRnmapoftraditionalurbancoreofBhopal
North
NottoscaleIndex
IncaseofNagpur(fig10),theoverallsystemofspaces
is such that it forms a sort of orthogonal grid at the
globallevelwithbetterconnectivityandintegrationas
itconnectsaswellassegregatesthelocalareawiththe
restoftheurbansystem.
The same orthogonal grid is not continued in the
residentialclusters.Thesubsystemsformedwithinthe
systemhavetrulyorganicpatternwithtreesystemof
spaces. The analysis through queries has highlighted
that;thesearetheareaswithhighermeandepthand
lower connectivity. This makes these areas less
intelligible and permeable, thus avoidingunnecessary
through traffic. Such slightly segregated spaces from
the global grid, yet having better integration at local
level are present inside residential clusters. The
internalorganicandtreepatternofsystemencourages
pedestrianmovement.Ithelpsinmakingbetteruseof
thesespacesbyresidentsforoutdooractivities,socialinteractions
andplaying.
IncaseofBhopal,thereisasystemofspaceswithorthogonalgrid
in the centre which was a walled city.( fig 11) But the same
orthogonalgridisnotcontinuedintheareasurroundingthewalled
city. The subsystems formed outside the walled area are truly
organic, making outside walled area unintelligible and
impermeable.
InNasik,thereisasystemofspaceswithdeformedorthogonalgrid
withhigh integrationandconnectivity,making itquite intelligible
forusers(fig12).It isonthebanksofriverGodavari,whichflows
throughthecity.Yet,thespatialconfigurationhaslittleorientation
towardstheliver.
In case of Varanasi, there is a system of spaces with deformed
radialgridorientedtowardstheholyriverGanges.(fig13)Theriver
playsanimportantroleinthesocioculturalandreligiousactivities
of the city. The spatial configuration is quite indicative of that. The local parts are quite segregated and
every part is finally oriented towards the river, Ganges, thus establishing continuous visual and physical
linkagestotheriver.
The overall system of spaces is highly segregated and unintelligible, making the city impermeable and
inaccessibletostrangersenteringthecityfromriverside.ThecitywasinvadednumberoftimesbyIslamic
rulersduring9th
and10th
century. Itmaybeoneofthereasons for immergenceofsuchanunintelligible
spatialconfiguration.
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NorthNottoscale
Index
Fig13:IntegrationRnmapofurbancoreofVaranasi
NorthNottoscale
Index
Fig14:IntegrationRnmapofurbancoreofLucknow
For Lucknow, the overall system of
spaces isradiatingfromthepolitical
and religious core evolved on the
banksofriverGomati.(Fig11)Unlike
Varanasi, the local subsystems are
not oriented towards the river. The
global system is formed by the 23
radiatingroadswhicheasilyconnect
thecorewithrestofthesystem.But
thesameradialgridisnotcontinued
in the residential clusters which are
organic. Public areas are distinctly
separatedfromresidentialareas.
Thus, the spatial configurations of
the selected five examples show
variations.
The
variations
highlight
that
there
were differences in terms of user preferences
about space proxemics. It is obvious that the
norms about how the public and residential
domains are integrated or segregated; are
differentfordifferentcities.
To investigate further about the human
preferences in terms of norms about culture
specific space proxemics, the placement of
important religious, administrative or
commercial urban activity nodes, in the overall
spatial configuration, are observed. The local
integrationsyntacticmapsaresuperimposedon
the maps of urban cores where the important
urban activity nodes are marked. As a
representative example, one such map of
traditional core of Nagpur is shown. (Fig 15) It
hashighlightedthattheactivitynodehavinglocal
bazaar, religious activities and administrative activities; is not located on highly integrated streets. It is
located on second order streets, in terms of their integration values. This makes these activities slightly
segregatedfromtheglobalsystem.SimilarobservationswerefoundinthecaseofNasik,whereimportant
activity
nodes
such
as
temples
are
placed
on
streets
with
second
rankings
in
terms
of
integration
values.
In
thecaseofBhopalandLucknow,themainurbanelementsandactivitynodesaremostlythemosqueand
thebazaarstreet.Theseareplacedonstreetswithhighintegrationlevel,whichmeansonglobalnetwork.In
thecaseofthesecitieswithdominatingMuslimpopulation,the importantactivitynodewhich isapublic
domain;issegregatedfromlocalnetwork. ForVaranasi,astheriveristhemostimportantfocusofurban
lifesinceages.Hence,heretheobservationisverypeculiar.Theimportanturbanelementssuchaspalaces,
temples, cultural activity centers and bazaars; all are along the river, and segregated them from global
network.Thiswasbecauseofthefactthatthemainaccessibilitythenwasthroughriver.Except,forBhopal
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andLucknow;whichhasdominatingMuslimpopulation;Nasik,NagpurandVaranasihaveurbanelements
onlocalnetworks.
The analysis helps to understand the fact that; important religious, administrative or commercial urban
activitynodesevolvealongmovementpatterns,dependingupontheculturespecificspaceproxemicsabout
publicspaces.
6.CONCLUDINGREMARKS
Indianbuiltenvironmentswerecontinuouslyevolving.Thecontinuityofthisevolutionbasedontheculture
specifichumanpreferences,seemstobe lost in theemergingbuiltenvironments indevelopingcities.To
deal these emerging built environments in contemporary times, its important to understand the spatial
configurations of the traditionally evolved built environments. The research has tried to establish the
problems
associated
in
studying
organically
evolved
built
environments
of
urban
cores
in
central
Indian
cities. Insuchanapproach,thesyntacticanalysishelps inunderstandingthespatialconfigurationandthe
embeddedreasoningofuserpreferences.Thesyntacticanalysisofselectedexamplesshowssomesimilarity
in terms of syntactic identity. The syntactic identity of Indian traditional built environments shows some
similaritywithtraditionalIraniancitiesbutotherwiseitisquitedifferentthantraditionalbuiltenvironments
fromotherpartsofworld.Theplacementofimportantreligious,administrativeorcommercialurbanactivity
nodes, intheoverallspatialconfigurationhelpedtodeducetheculturespecifichumanpreferencesabout
space proxemics. From this research, an effort is made to make explicit the spatial configuration as
GangabaiGhatArea
Park
OldBagdganj
OldBagdganj
OldBagdganj
Gangabai Ghat Road
GujarNagar
Gangabai Ghat Sq.
NagRiver
PlayGround
Gangabai Ghat Road
Sh.Umashnkar Naryanji HighSchool
Chinteshwar
Chinteshwar
Chinteshwar
Rampeth
Rampeth
Dr.Rammnohar LohiyaHigh School
TelephoneExchange
QuetaColonyRoad
Central Avenue
Kapse Sq.
Kabrasthan
NMCSchool
PetrolPump
QuetaColony
Jalaram Mandir Road
Gangabai Ghat Road
Sarswati Temple
HanumanMandir
Bank OfBaroda
HotelAamir
NMC DivisionalOffice
AgrasenMaharajSq.
Central Hotel
CentralAvenueRoad
BhaldarpuraMain Road
Bhaldar Pura
Sir BezonjeeMehata Road
Bhaldar Pura
AgrasenMaharajSq.
Central Hotel
CentralAvenueRoad
BhaldarpuraMain Road
Bhaldar Pura
Sir BezonjeeMehata Road
Bhaldar Pura
RPSamarth Stadium ( ChitnisPark)
TilakRoad
TilakRoad
NewEnglishSchool
MahalHindi PrimarySchool
Mahal
WalkarRoad BadkasSq.
D D Nagar SchoolBinjhaniMahilaCollege
PataleshwarMandir
Kalyaneshwar Mandir
NMC TownHall
NMC Office Area
NarsingSq.
NarsingCinema
Shivaji Sq.
KotwaliPolice Station
Panchal Galli
Mahal Sq.
Mahal
Mahal
BhosaleWada
DasaraRoad
DasaraRoad
New Sukrawari
NewSukrawari
Chandi Pura
New Sukrawari
Matrusevasang
NavugSchool
Mahal
Mahal
Mahal
Mahal
ChitnisParksq.
KedibagRoad
Mahal
Mahatma Gandhisq.
Central AvenueRoad
New ItwariRoad
New ItwariRoad
Kumbharpura
KumbharpuraChitarOli
Itwari
Sudampura
Temple
Central AvenueRoad
ChitarOli
Chitar Oli
ItwariPrimarySchool
BabaMaulaQlishere Dargah
Hindustan Vidyala
HanumanMandir
Rahat.S.Hospital
SubhashChandraBoseVidyalaya
Adamsha Sq.
OldMangalwari Village
CentralAvenueRoadTelephoneExchangeSq.
GangabaiGhatRoad
GangabaiGhat Road
BabaNanak Sindi Hindi High School
SweeperColoy
Juni Mangalwari
Nala
NageshwarPrimarySchool
Shri Ram Bhawan
Juni Mangalwari
SweeperColoy
Nala
CHINTESHWARMANDIR]
Mahal
DarodkarSq.
Hatti BastiAyachitmandir Road
Ayachitmandir Road
Nawabpura
Ayachitmandir BusStopDhivarpura
Juni Mangalwari
NMC Park
Natraj Cinema
ZendaSq.
Ayachitmandir
Nawabpura
Nawabpura
SanghaBuilding
Nala
Nala
Manohar KamdiCollege
NagRiver
RatanColony
Citanvispura
KillaRoa d
KillaRoad
KillaRoad
MSEBOffice
VidyaBhawanHighSchool
Citanvispura
Citanvispura
ShiwajiNagar
ShiwajiNagar
NandajiNagar
NagRiver
NagRiver
Nala
Citanvispura
Shiwaji Nagar
KillaRoad
KillaRoad
TulshibagRoad
TulshibagRoad
SangBuildingSq.
CP&Berar HighSchool
Mahal
Chitnvispura
MunshiGali
Mahal Market
ChitnispuraGirls PrimarySchool
NagRiver
NagRiver
KelibagRoad
KotwalGalli
RajvilasCinema
TulsibagTulsibag
RestrictedArea
BhosaleRajghat
Karnolbag
RanaPratapRoad
ModelMillsArea
DasaraRoad
Nag River
NagRiver
DasaraRoad
Navi Shukarawari
Gondipura
Bhutiyadarwaja
PlayGround
BajrangSq.
FawaraSq.
Gandhisagar Sq.
Gandhi PrimarySchool
Gadikhana
Joripura
TilakRoad
RajendraSchool
Sukrawari
Gandhi Gate
Great NagRoad
Great NagRoad
Samrat AshokSq.
Lokanci ShalaSq.
Medical Road
LokanciShalaSchoolRavi Technicl Institute
Navbharat School
AshaBhawan
Siraspeth
Siraspeth
Siraspeth
UmredRoad
JamdarHighSchool
RavindraD Ed.College
GreatNagRoad
C P &Berar EducationSocietyPlayGround
C P &Berar EducationSocietyPlayGround
JuniShukrawariRoad
Labhan Tanda
Sweepar Colony
Junishukrawari
Junishukrawari
Junishukrawari
JunishukrawariJunishukrawari
Mahavir Nagar
Madipura
GreatNagRoad
GreatNag Road
Jamdar HighSchool
GaneshNagarkanyaShala
SantSitaramdasSchool NagpurHomeopathy
Medical College
ShriShivajiHighschool
Jain Mandir
Nag Nala
NagNala
NagNala
NagNala
Sant JagnadeSq.Great NagRoad
GayatriShaktipithMandir
KeshavNagarSchool
Vivekanand TeachersTrainingSchool
GaneshNagar
PlayGround
NandanvanZopadpatti
Nandanvan Zopadpatti
NewNandanwanColony
GreatnagRoad
New Nandanwan
N M C School
OpenArea
Great NagRoad
GaneshNagar
NandanvanMainRoad
NandanvanMainRoad
OldNandanvan Nagar
PlayGround
NIT GardenShardaMahila Mahavidyalaya
GaneshNagar
KDKCollegeRoad
SDHospital
NandanvanCanal Road
OldNandanvanNagar
OldNandanvan Nagar
SahakariBankShikshak
Activitynode
Fig.15:TraditionalurbancoreofNagpurwithurbanelementssuperimposedonlocalintegrationmap.
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concealed spatial rules or principalsofurbanism in Indian builtenvironments,so as to evolve a humane
approach towardsspatialdesignofemergingbuiltenvironments inurban India.Moredetailedanalysis is
requiredtoexactlyassesstheuserpreferences,butthisstudy isrepresentativeof itspossibility.Also,the
studycanbefurtheredfornumberofcities.
Theapproachtodealwithemergingbuiltenvironmentsbasedonnotionofrationalityandintelligibilityhas
grosslyignoredtheculturespecificuserpreferences.ThestudyhighlightsthatinIndiancontext,intelligibility
isnotthecriterionforbetterharmonyamongstusersandbuiltenvironment.Itisnotnecessarytoemulate
thepastbuttocontributepositivelytotheevolutionofcontemporaryIndianbuiltenvironments;onecan
use the configuration understanding and reasons behind it. Thus, this approach which is based on
understandinguserpreferencestostudy/conserve/redevelopexistingbuiltenvironmentsordesigntotally
newbuiltenvironments incaseofdevelopingcitiesofIndia;canhelptomaintainthemashumaneasthe
traditionalbuiltenvironmentswere.
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WEBSITES:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_in_History
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_design
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/morphogenesis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_cognition
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MAPS,PHOTOGRAPHSANDFIGURES:
AllcitymapsorpartmapsareacquiredfromLocalauthorities/Municipalities/Improvementtrusts/
developmentauthoritiesofrespectivecities.
The map of India showing million plus cities is retrieved from
-
8/14/2019 SPATIAL CONFIGURATIONS OF THE URBAN CORES IN INDIA.pdf
19/19
Proceedings:EighthInternationalSpaceSyntaxSymposium
SantiagodeChile:PUC,2012.
www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm
Thedemographicaspects,topography,climateandsocio culturaleconomicaspectsof theselect
citiesarereferredfromtherespectivedevelopmentplans.
Photographsarebytheauthor.
Theotherfigures,graphsandtablesarepreparedbytheauthor.