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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 1
Spectrophotometry
Spectrophotometry:Stellar Temperature and gravity
Determination
Mike BessellRSAA
The Australian National University
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 2
Spectrophotometry
Outline
• Synthetic spectra grids
• Spectrophotometric atlasesSpectrophotometric standards
• Te calibrationsIR flux method
Spectrophotometric fitsComparison with other Te determinations
• Summary
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 3
Spectrophotometry
Synthetic spectra• Munari, Sordo, Castelli, Zwitter 2005, A&A 442,1127 http://archives.pd.astro.it/2500-10500/
3500K – 47500K, Kurucz-Castelli models, ODF http://wwwuser.oat.ts.astro.it/castelli/spectra.html
Higher resolution spectra. Generated using line-by-line.Some molecules missing eg CaHExtra C-rich models and some lower Z models also.
• Hauschildt, Allard, Baron, Aufdenberg, Schweitzer 2003 GAIASpectroscopy.. ASP 298, 2003 1000K-10000K GAIA- Phoenix13http://www.hs.uni-hamburg.de/EN/For/ThA/phoenix/index.htmlhttp://perso.ens-lyon.fr/france.allard/
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 4
Spectrophotometry
Synthetic spectra• MARCS spectra K. Eriksson, B. Gustafsson, B. Plez (Montpellier) and U.G.
Jorgensen (Copenhagen) have completed the last Uppsala grid ofplane-parallel and spherical LTE model atmospheres for late-typestars (Te < 8500 K). (The next step will be hydrodynamical 3-dimensional model atmospheres in non-LTE.)
http://www.marcs.astro.uu.se/2500K – 8500K, opacity sampled models and fluxesDetailed molecular opacities for cool stars
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 5
Spectrophotometry
New high precision spectral atlases• MILES - http://miles.iac.es Sanchez-Blasquez et al. 2006 MNRAS, 371, 703985 stars spanning a large range in atmospheric parameters. The spectra
cover the range 3525-7500 A at 2.3 A (FWHM) spectral resolution.
• The HST/STIS Next Generation Spectral Libraryhttp://archive.stsci.edu/prepds/stisngsl/index.html
374 (600) high S/N spectra (R~1000) of Hipparcos stars covering a widerange in abundance, effective temperature, and luminosity distributedover four metallicity groups:
• very low [Fe/H] < −1.5, low −1.5 < [Fe/H] < −0.5• near-solar −0.3 < [Fe/H] < +0.1, super-solar +0.2 < [Fe/H]• Wavelength range 2000A – 10200A
STIS spectra of low metallicity G dwarfs make excellent spectro-photometric standards!
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 6
Spectrophotometry
Effective temperature calibrations
• IR flux method - Blackwell & Shallis 1977Alonso, Arribas, Martinez-Rodgers 94,95,96,98,99Ramirez, Melendez 2005Casagrande, Ramirez, Melendez, Bessell, Asplund
2010 A&A 512, 54• Excellent agreement with direct measurements for
the mostly near-solar composition stars• Excellent agreement with 1D model atmosphere
red colors for solar composition stars• Least model-dependent method of estimating Teff• Good color-temperature calibrations provided
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 7
Spectrophotometry
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 8
Spectrophotometry
IRFM based color-temperature relationcompared with synthetic colors
Teff vs. (V - IC) and (V - K)relations for dwarf (top) andgiant (bottom) stars of [Fe/H]= +0.0 (solid lines) and -2.0(dotted lines) according toRamirez, Melendez 2005(thick black lines), Bessell(thin cyan lines), andHoudashelt et al. (2000;magenta lines).
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 9
Spectrophotometry
Observational spectrophotometry
For some time now I have been using the 2.3m DBSand WiFeS with John Norris and Norbert Christlieb tofollow-up prospective metal-poor stars from the HESsurvey. With the availability of the Heap-Lindlercorrected Gregg STIS spectra I have now producedrelative-absolute spectrophotometry of all of ourcandidates for which Te and log g were not known.
In addition, the claim by Ramirez &Melendez in 2005that the Te of the very low metallicity halo dwarfswere systematically hotter by more than 300K thanhitherto assumed needed critical examination.
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 10
Spectrophotometry
WiFeS spectra
0
1 105
2 105
3 105
4 105
4000 4800 5600 6400 7200 8000 8800
HD160617 120sec
Wavelength
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 11
Spectrophotometry
Castelli-Kurucz spectra used
Fitted observed fluxes with Castelli fluxes.Used the Vandenberg halo isochrones to guide thedeterminination of Te, log g and metallicitycombinations for halo stars.
If the initial Te, log g lay well away from the locus andSchlegel maps indicated reddening likely present,fluxes were dereddened thus increasing Te and log g.
Some indication that systematically low values (~0.2)for log g are determined with the α=1.25 spectra.
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 12
Spectrophotometry
Halo isochrone
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 13
Spectrophotometry
Observed gravity of Hipparcos subdwarfs
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 14
Spectrophotometry
HD140283 - MILES
Blue - 5750 3.75Red - 5800 3.4
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500
HD140283
Fla
mb
da
Wavelength Angstroms
old
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 15
Spectrophotometry
HD 19445 MILES
Blue - 5875 4.5Red - 6125 4.5
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500
HD19445
Fla
mbda
Wavelength Angstroms
old
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 16
Spectrophotometry
BD +3 740 DBS
Blue - 6250 4.0Red - 6500 4.0
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
4000 4800 5600 6400 7200 8000 8800
BD +3 740F
lam
bda
Wavelength Angstroms
old
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 17
Spectrophotometry
HE0130-2303 DBS
Blue - 6750 4.5Red - 6437 3.75
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
4000 4800 5600 6400 7200 8000 8800
HE0130-2303
Te fl
ux -
oth
er
Wavelength Angstroms
old
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 18
Spectrophotometry
Automatic flux fitting program• Recently an automatic fitting program was written in
Python by Simon Murphy.• Over the wavelength range examined 3500A - (6200)
7200A, there is significant degeneracy in the fitted Teand log g for different reddening.
• Within the observational uncertainties the fits aresimilarly good.
• Initial results are very encouraging but it needstweaking to take into account isochrone gravities andpossible systematically different model atmosphereeffects
• Castelli higher resolution grids need to be extendedfully to lower metallicities.
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 19
Spectrophotometry
HD27561 MILES
E(B-V)=0.0
E(B-V)=0.02
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 20
Spectrophotometry
HE 2035-5820 C-richDBS
CD -38 245DBS
E(B-V)=0.0
E(B-V)=0.0
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 21
Spectrophotometry
HE0147-1500DBS
HE0107-5240DBS
E(B-V)=0.0
E(B-V)=0.0
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 22
Spectrophotometry
Flux fitted temperature comparisons
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
4000450050005500600065007000
dFAGdRM giantdRMdwarfdNissen dwarfdAsplunddRNB dwarf
dT
e flu
x -
oth
er
Te flux
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 23
Spectrophotometry
Assumptions and uncertainties in 1Datmospheres
• Castelli ATLAS model atmospheres arecomputed with α = 1.25 as it gives goodagreement with the solar flux.
• Smalley & Kupka (1997) and Heiter et al (2002)suggest that α = 0.5 gives improved Stromgrencolors for stars between 6000K and 7500K.
• It was suggested that the 1D temperaturestructure of these stars is better determined byusing a less efficient convection treatment.Reflection of the higher temperature in upflowsassociated with the granulations in actual stars.
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 24
Spectrophotometry
Implicit spectral differences Heiter et al 2002
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 25
Spectrophotometry
Calibration of αMLT for solar like starsSteffen & Ludwig 1999 ASP 173, 217 No unique α for all observables
Balmer lines
B-V v V-R colors
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 26
Spectrophotometry
6000K 4.00 -2.0: a=0.5 and 1.25
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
4000 4800 5600 6400 7200 8000 8800
blue: !=0.5
black: !=1.25
Wavelength
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 27
Spectrophotometryα=0.5 spectra (blue) fitted with α=1.25 spectra
5250 4.0 -2.0α=0.5
5500 3.5 -2.0α=0.5
α=1.25 green
α=1.25 green
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 28
Spectrophotometryα=0.5 spectra (blue) fitted with α=1.25 spectra
6000 4.0 -2.0α=0.5
6500 4.0 -2.0α=0.5
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 29
Spectrophotometry
Possible convective treatment effect on Te
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 30
SpectrophotometrySummary
• IR flux method Teff good agreement with modelatmosphere 1D red colors for near-solar metallicityand halo stars.
• Synthetic spectra in general good agreement withempirical spectra – improvements needed for Mstars.
• Need to critically compare the spectrophotometricallyderived Te and log g for the 65 MILES stars and 5UMP stars with IRFM Casagrande et al derivedvalues to better assess model atmospheres Te andlog g.
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Ringberg May 2010 Slide 31
SpectrophotometrySummary
• Spectrophotometry is a useful and robust method forderiving Te and log g for GK dwarfs. There aresystematic differences of ~50K and 0.1-0.2 in log gfor many FG stars because of the treatment ofconvection in 1D atmospheres.
• Interstellar reddening remains an importantconsideration when fitting colors and fluxes.
• Use hydrogen line profiles as a reddening freetemperature indicator - Barklem
• Reexamine effect of αMLT on synthetic spectra.Reconsider blue and violet calibrations.