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DISORDERS OF SPEECH DISORDERS OF SPEECH AND LANGUAGEAND LANGUAGE
AphasiaAphasia or or dysphasiadysphasiaLoss or impairment of the
production or comprehension of spoken or written language because of an acquired lesion of the brain.
DysarthriaDysarthria and and anarthriaanarthriaA defect in articulation with intact
mental functions and comprehension of spoken and written language and normal syntax (grammatical construction of sentences).
pure motor disorder of the muscles of articulation and may be a result of flaccid or spastic paralysis, rigidity, repetitive spasms (stuttering), or ataxia.
AphoniaAphonia or or dysphoniadysphoniaAn alteration or loss of voice
because of a disorder of the larynx or its innervation
Articulation and language are unaffected
APHASIAAPHASIA
Receptive aphasia Receptive aphasia (Wernicke's aphasia),(Wernicke's aphasia),lesion in the receptive language
area, notably in Wernicke's area.auditory and visual
comprehension of language, naming of objects, and repetition of a sentence spoken by the examiner are all defective
Anomic aphasia (isolation Anomic aphasia (isolation syndrome),syndrome),Infarcts that isolate the sensory
language area from surrounding parietal and temporal cortex
characterized by fluent but circumlocutory speech caused by word-finding difficulties.
Some authorities doubt the existence of anomic aphasia as a distinct clinical entity because most patients with lesions in the left parietal lobe have difficulty with naming
Transcortical aphasia of the Transcortical aphasia of the receptive (or sensory) typereceptive (or sensory) typeSome patients cannot understand
words and sentences or produce intelligible speech, but they can correctly repeat what the examiner says.
associated with destruction of cortex in the middle temporal gyrus, inferior and posterior to Wernicke's receptive language area.
AlexiaAlexialoss of the ability to read common accompaniment of
aphasia caused by temporal or parietal lobe lesions.
In most cases, accompanied by agraphia, the inability to write.
Pure alexiaPure alexiawithout agraphia and with normal
comprehension of spoken wordsFrom single lesion lateral to the occipital
horn of the left lateral ventricle orcombination of two lesions, one in
the left occipital lobe and the other in the splenium of the corpus callosum.
Such lesions sever connections between both visual cortices and the unilaterally located language areas
DyslexiaDyslexiaincomplete alexia characterized by an inability to read
more than a few lines with understanding.
Developmental dyslexia is a common condition in children of normal intelligence who have difficulty learning to read.
MRI examination reveals that some such children lack the usual anatomical asymmetry in the size of the planum temporale on the left and right sides.
Expressive aphasia (Broca's Expressive aphasia (Broca's aphasia),aphasia),lesion in Broca's area of the frontal
lobe, hesitant and distorted speech with
relatively good comprehension. patient with Broca's aphasia can hear
that he or she is talking nonsensepatient with receptive aphasia talks
fluently without being aware of the failure to produce meaningful words.
causes transcortical aphasia causes transcortical aphasia of the expressive (or motor) of the expressive (or motor) typetypecortical lesion anterior to Broca's
expressive speech area. The impairment of spontaneous
speech is similar to Broca's aphasia, but the patient can accurately repeat words or phrases spoken by someone else.
Global aphasiaGlobal aphasiavirtually complete loss of the
ability to communicate after destruction of the cortex on both sides of the lateral sulcus.
one of the consequences of occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery
Conduction aphasiaConduction aphasiaInterruption of the arcuate
fasciculus connecting Wernicke's and Broca's areas
patient has poor repetition of a sentence spoken by the examiner but relatively good comprehension and spontaneous speech