Download - Spermatophyta
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Spermatophyta(seed plants)
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Characteristicso Vascular plant characterized by seed (Spermatophyta)
o They don’t have real flower (they only have cone/strobilus)
o Seed being naked on specialized leaf or a scale of the cone
o Habitus: shrub, visible strolls, vine, trees
o Have taprootso Have branches stemso Have hard, needle-like or fan like leafs
Gymnosperm/Pinophyta
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Classification
1. Cycadinae- Haven’t branches
- Have large cones
- Leaves like palm’s leaves
- Dioceus
- Example: Cycas rumphii
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Female strobilus
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Male strobilus
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2. Coniferae
o Many are large treeso Needle-like leaveso Evergreen (always green)o They are usually monocious
o Example: Pinus mercusii
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Female strobilus Male strobilus
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3. Ginkgoinae
o It is a tall planto The leaf has a long stalk, is fan-shaped, and has branched veins
o In autumn, the leaves fallo The outer cover of the seed is fleshy, while the inner cover is hard
o Example: Gingko biloba
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4. Gnetinae
oTropical trees, shrub or vine
oLeaves look similar to flower plant
oSeed look somewhat like fruits
oSingle leavesoExample: Gnetum gnemon
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o Penyerbukan adalah menempelnya serbuk sari pada mikropil (liang bakal biji) → Gymnosperm
o Penyerbukan adalah menempelnya serbuk sari ke kepala putik → Angiosperm
o Pembentukan megaspora disebut megasporogenesis
o Pembentukan mikrospora disebut mikrosporogenesis
o Pembentukan megagametofit disebut megagametogenesis
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Bakal biji
megagametofit
megasporogenesis
1 megaspora fungsional
4 megaspora
Sel induk megaspora
Megasporangium (nuselus)
ada
ada
meiosis
membelah
megagametogenesis
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Angiosperm/Magnoliophytao Already have true flowero The shape and composition of flower vary but has the same basic parts, that is petals, sepals, pistil and stamen
o Pistil consist of styles, stigma, and ovary which contains ovules
o Stamen consist of filaments and anthers which contain pollen grains
o It has thin, wide leaves, and leaf veins with varied composition
o Ovule or seed does not appear, because it is covered by cotyledons
o It is undergoes double fertilization
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Clasifications
o Monocot : one cotyledono Dicots : two cotyledons
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Dicots versus Monocots Seeds
Dicots Monocots
- Two cotyledons - Flower parts in fours or fives - Leaves with distinct vein network - Vascular cambium present - Vascular bundles in ring - Pollen grain with three apertures
- One cotyledon- Flower parts in threes - Leaves with parallel primary veins. - Vascular cambium absent - Vascular bundles scattered - Pollen grain with one aperture
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Dicots
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fibrous
taproots
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Bakal biji
2 inti
megasporogenesis
1 megaspora fungsional
4 megaspora
Sel induk megaspora
ada
meiosis
membelah
Megagametogenesis
Megasporangium (nuselus)ada
Ke kutub kalaza Ke kutub mikrofilMembelah 2 kali Membelah 2 kali
4 inti 4 inti
1 inti ke tengah 1 inti ke tengah 2 inti di tengah kandung lembaga
Sel antipoda
3 inti membentuk sel 3 inti membentuk sel
Sel telur Sel sinergid
Sel kandung Lembaga (2n)
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Kepala sari
Serbuk sari
mikrosporogenesis
4 sel mikrospora (n)
Sel induk mikrospora
2 kantong sari (mikrosporangium)
ada
meiosis
Mikrogametogenesis
2 ruang sariada
Sel generatifSel vegetatif
2 Sel sperma
Di buluh Serbuk sari
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Pollination
o Based on agent1. anemofili → wind2. hidrofili → water3. zoodiofili → animals
a. entomofili → insectsb. ornitofili → birdsc. kiropterofili → batsd. malakofili → snails
4. antrofili → humanso Based on falling down pollen grains to stigma1. autogami → alone2. geitonogami → neighbour one plant3. allogami → neighbour other plant (same kinds)4. hibridogami → neighbour other plant (different
kinds)
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