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SPINAL CORD, SPINAL NERVES, EYE AND EAR ANATOMY
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Learning Objectives
• Identify structures of the spinal cord, both gross anatomical structures and cross sectional structures.
• Identify meninges and spaces around the spinal cord.
• Identify major peripheral nerves and nerve plexuses.
• Identify the accessory and internal structures of the eye, and explain their function.
• Describe the structures of the external and middle ear and explain how they function.
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Gross anatomy of the spinal cord
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Cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord
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Cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord
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Spinal Nerves: Roots
Figure 13.7a
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The Meninges
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Spinal Nerves
Figure 13.6
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Nerve Plexuses
• All ventral rami except T2-T12 form interlacing nerve networks called plexuses
• Plexuses are found in the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral regions
• Each resulting branch of a plexus contains fibers from several spinal nerves
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Cervical Plexus
Figure 13.8
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Brachial Plexus
Figure 13.9a
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Figure 13.9c
Brachial Plexus: Distribution of Nerves
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Figure 13.7b
Spinal Nerve Innervation: Back, Anterolateral Thorax, and Abdominal Wall
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Lumbar Plexus
Figure 13.10
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Sacral Plexus
Figure 13.11
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Eternal Features and Accessory Structures of the Eye
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The eye
• Conjunctiva covers most of eye
• Cornea is transparent anterior portion
• Three layers
• Outer fibrous tunic
• Sclera, cornea, limbus
• Middle vascular tunic
• Iris, ciliary body, choroid
• Inner nervous tunic
• Retina
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The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
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Cow eye: External and internal anatomy
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The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
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The Anatomy of the Ear
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The Middle Ear
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The Inner Ear
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The Organ Of Corti
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Histology of the cochlea