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TONY SCARIA 2010 KMC
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Entomology
• study of insects of medical importance
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• Vector :- is an arthtropod or any living carrier that transport an infectious agent to susceptible host
• Extrensic incubation period :10-14 days malaria /filaria
• Definitive / intermediate host
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MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES BY ARTHROPODS
• CONTACT TRANSMISSION
• MECHANICAL OR DIRECT TRANSMISSION
• BIOLOGICAL TRANSMISSIONPropagative CyclopropagativeCyclodevelopmental
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Biological transmission
• TRANSOVARIAN TRASMISSION:
• TRANSSTADIAL TRANSMISSION
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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
• CLASS INSECTA :
• CLASS ARACHINIDA
• CLASS CRUSTACEA -CYCLOPS
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INSECT ORDERS OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE
• PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
• CLASS INSECTA
• ORDER DIPTERA- Includes MOSQUITOES, HOUSE FLY,SAND FLY etc
• ORDER SIPHONAPTERA-FLEAS
• ORDER PHTHIRAPTERA-LICE
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MOSQUITOES
• Tribe ANOPHILINI : Anopheles mosquitoes
• Tribe CULICINI : Culex, Aedes and Mansonia
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BIONOMICS
• Study of habit and habitat of any organism
• Breeding habits, feeding habits, host preference,
resting habits, flight range if flying, longevity etc of
the vector
• If we want to control a VBD we have to know the
bionomics of the vector
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BIONOMICS OF MOSQUITOES
BREEDING HABITS
• Breeding place is water
• The water may be stagnant pollutted, clear, artificial, natural, moving, with some weeds or with shade
• In one ml of water or even in moist breeding places the mosquitoes can breed
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FEEDING HABITS
• Only FEMALE mosquitoes take blood meal
• Female mosquito needs a blood meal in every 48-72 hours for the maturation of the eggs
• Anopheles, Culex & Mansonia :nocturnal feeders
• Aedes mosquitoes: Diurnal feeders
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RESTING HABITS
• ENDOPHILISM : After a full blood meal mosquitoes prefer to rest inside
• EXOPHILISM: After a full blood meal mosquitoes prefer to rest outside
• Important in the disease control aspect
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BIONOMICS
• According to the host preference they are divided into
– Anthrophilic – taking blood from humans
– Zoophilic- taking blood from animals
– Ornithophilic- taking blood from birds
• This habits are important in the disease transmission aspect
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BIONOMICS
Flight RANGE
• This is the minimum distance they can fly from the breeding places in search of food
• A female mosquito is able to fly a distance of 0.5 to 2Km
• Important in disease transmission
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LIFE CYCLE OF MOSQUITOES
• Four stages: EGG, LARVA, PUPA & ADULT
• Complete metamorphosis or holometablous
• Life cycle :completed within 6 to 8 days
• The egg, larva and pupa are in water &adult is terrestrial
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LIFE CYCLE
• EGGS : Are laid in water.
• 48 to 72 hours after a full blood meal a female mosquito will lay 100 to 150 eggs at a sitting.
• Eggs may be laid singly or in groups.
• The period between blood meal to time of egg laying : Gonotrophic cycle.
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LIFE CYCLELARVA
• Egg to first instar larva: 1 to 2 days
• Head, thorax and abdomen
• Thorax unsegmeted. Abdomen 10 segmented.
• Siphon tube: 8th segment (except anopheles)
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LIFE CYCLE-LARVA
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LIFE CYCLE -LARVA
• Four instar stages in the larval stage
• Larva undergoes 3 moultings
• Feeds on micro organisms.
• Larval stage lasts for 4 to 6 days
• 4th instar develop into pupa
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LIFE CYCLE-PUPA
• Non feeding stage/resting stage
• Comma shaped
• Cephalothorax and segmented abdomen
• Two small respiratory tubes or trumpets :upper surface of the thorax.
• Stay quiet at water surface
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LIFE CYCLE - PUPA
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LIFE CYCLE -PUPA
• Pupal stage :1-2 days
• From the pupa emerges out the adult
• Egg to adult : 6 to 8 days
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LIFE CYCLE –EMERGENCE OF THE ADULT
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ADULT MOSQUITO
• Body : head, thorax & Abdomen
• Head : A pair of large compound eyes
(semiglobular) A probocis
A pair of palpi (4 segmented)
A pair of antennae
• Thorax : 1 pair of wings & 3 pairs of legs
• Abdomen : 10 segments
Last 2 modified to Ext. genitalia
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ADULT MOSQUITO
ANTENNA
Male - bushy or Plumose
Female - scanty hairs or Pilose.
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LIFE CYCLE -ADULT
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ADULT MOSQUITO
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ADULT MOSQUITO
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ADULT MOSQUITO
• THORAX-Pronotum, Mesonotum and Metanotum
• Mesontum having a pair of wings
• Wings having 6 veins with hairs
• A pair of rudimentary wings : Halteres
• Thorax :3 pairs of legs
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ADULT MOSQUITO
ABDOMEN
• Ten segmented
• Only 8 are visible
• Last 2 are modified as external genital organs.
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SPECIES IDENTIFICATION
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ANOPHELES EGG
• Breeding :clear water
• Eggs: laid singly
• Boat shaped with lateral floats or air sacs
• Air sacs prevent submerging/floating
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ANPOHELES EGG
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EGG OF ANOPHELES
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ANOPHELES MOSQUITO LARVA
• Rest Parallel to the water surface
• Palmate hairs: both sides of all abdominal segments
• A pair spiracles: 8th abdominal segment for breathing
• No siphon tube
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ANOPHELES MOSQUITO LARVA
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ANOPHELES LARVA
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ANOPHELES MOSQUITO PUPA
• Cephalothorax :short &broad respiratory trumpet ( siphon tube)
• Abdomen :palmate hairs
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ANOPHELES PUPA
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ANPOPHELES ADULT
PROBOCIS
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ANOPHELES ADULT
• Head:compound eyes,proboscis ,maxillary palpi and antennae.
• Rests at an angle to the surface
• Proboscis &maxillary palpi have equal length
• Wings spotted
• The hairs on the wing veins are arranged in a spotted manner
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ANOPHELES ADULT
• Antennae : Bushy – male
Less hairy - female
• Tip of palpi: Club shaped- male
Straight - female
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ANOPHELES ADULT
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ANOPHELES FEMALE HEAD
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ANOPHELES ADULT MALE
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Anopheles adult male brushy palpae
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Anopheles female
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ANOPHELES AS VECTORS OF MALARIA
• India :70 species (10 -15 species : vectors)
• An.stephensi :Urban vector overhead tanks
• An. Culicifacies :Rural vector in and around paddy fields
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VECTOR BIONOMICS
• Breeding habit: clean water– Slow moving stream of water,puddles of rain water
• Biting time : early part of night
• Resting habit: mainly endophilic
• Feeding habit: females blood meal every 2-3 days: Males never bite
• Both anthropophilc & zoophilic
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ANOPHELES AS VECTORS OF MALARIA
• An. Fluviatilis & minimus: in foot-hill regions
• An.sundaicus& stephansi : coastal areas
• An.philipenensis& culicifavies: plain areas
• An.balabacensis in forest areas
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CULEX MOSQUITOES
• “Nuisance mosquitoes”
• Breeding places : stagnant polluted water
• Eggs : Raft like clusters (100-250 egg)
• Egg :cigar shaped with one end pointed
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CULEX EGG RAFT
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CULEX EGG RAFT
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Culex egg raft
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CULEX LARVA
• Culex larva : hangs downwards from the water surface
• Siphon tube : long & tubular 8th abdominal segment
• No palmate hair or spiracle
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CULEX LARVA
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Culex larvae
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CULEX PUPA
• A large cephalothorax & narrow segmented abdomen with a pair of paddles.
• Cephalothorax : a pair of respiratoty trumpet long and tubular
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CULEX PUPA
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CULEX ADULT MOSQUITO
• Palpi & probocis : Dfferent length
• Wings uniform
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HOUSEFLY WING
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CULEX ADULT MOSQUITO
• Male culicine mosquitoes: maxillary palp are longer than proboscis and some what diverted
• Female culicine:length of palpi is one third of proboscis
• Antenna plumose in male and pilose in female
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CULEX ADULT MOSQUITO
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CULEX MALE HEAD
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CULEX FEMALE HEAD
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CULEX ADULT MOSQUITO
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CULEX ADULT MALE
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CULEX ADULT FEMALE
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VECTOR BIONOMICS
• Breeding habit : polluted & dirty water (cesspools ,drainage, stagnant water collections, septic tank, burrow pits , sewage)
• Feeding : mainly antropophilic
• Biting time : midnight
• Resting habit: Endophilic
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CULEX MOSQUITO AS VECTORS
• 2500 species
• Lymphatic filariasis & JE
• Culex quiquefasciatus formerly known as C.fatigans : bancroftian Filarisis.
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CULEX MOSQUITO AS VECTORS
• JE: C. tritaenorhynchus, C. vishnui and
C. pseudovishnui (vishnui complex)
• Breeding places : in and around paddy fields.
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Culex female
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Culex female head
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Culex male
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Culex male head
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Wing of culex
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AEDES MOSQUITO (STEGOMYIA)
• Eggs : laid singly
• Egg :torpedo shaped
• Withstand drying upto one year.
• In 1 ml of water or even in moist places it can lay eggs.
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AEDES MOQUITO EGG
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AEDES MOSQUITO LARVA
• larva :worm like with head, thorax and abdomen.
• Suspended in water at an angle to water surface
• Siphon tube : broad & short
- 8th abdominal segment
- barrel shaped and brown in colour with a hair tuft on it
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AEDES MOSQUITO LARVA
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Aedes larvae
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AEDES MOSQUITO PUPA
• Comma shaped with cephalothorax and segmented abdomen.
• The breathing trumpets are short and stumpy
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AEDES MOSQUITO PUPA
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AEDES ADULT
• White stripes on black body
• Legs also have banded apperance ( tiger)
• Wings uniform
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AEDES ADULT
• Antennae : Bushy – male
Less hairy – female
• Smaller than other mosquito species
• Rest of features (palpi & probocis) similar to culex
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AEDES ADULT MOSQUITO
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Aedes adult male
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Aedes adult female
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AEDES MOSQUITO AS VECTORS
• Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus
• Dengue fever, Chikungunya, Yellow fever
• A.aegypti - clear water & Ae.albopictus - tree holes.
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VECTOR BIONOMICS
• Breeding : container breeders
• Feeding habit: mainly anthropophilic
• Biting time : “fearless day biters”
• Flight range : less than 100m
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AEDES MOSQUITO INDICES
1. Aedes aegypti index or house index.
Ratio expressed as percentage
Number of houses showing actual breeding sites of A. Aegypti to the total number of houses examined in a limited well defined area multiplied by 100.
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AEDES MOSQUITO INDICES
2 BRETEAU INDEX : This is total number of positive containers for Aedes breeding divided by total number of houses examined multiplied by 100
3 CONTAINER INDEX: This is the total number of positive containers divided by total number of containers examined multiplied by 100.
4 PUPAL INDEX: Number of containers having pupa divided by total containers examined multiplied by 100
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MANSONIA MOSQUITOES
• Eggs : groups & the under surface of the leaves of these water plants
• Egg : spindle shaped
• Each egg group : flower like or star shaped cluster
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MANSONIA MOSQUIT EGG
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Mansonia egg
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MANSONIA MOSQUITO LARVA
• Suspended at an angle to water surface
• Siphon tube : triangular with chitinous tip
• If detached from water plants it die due to suffocation.
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MANSONIA MOSQUITO LARVA
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MANSONIA MOSQUITO LARVA
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Mansonia larvae
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MANSONIA PUPA
• Large cephalothorax & segmented abdomen
• Cephalothorax: siphon tube long & narrow with chitinous tip
• Like larva it also attaches to the water plants and get oxygen.
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MANSONIA PUPA
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MANSONIA ADULT MOSQUITO
• Speckled wings and legs
• Antennae : bushy – male
Less hairy – female
• Head :same as that of culex mosquito.
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VECTOR BIONOMICS
• Biting time: night
• Feeding habit : both antropophilic & zoophilic
• Resting habits : outdoors
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MANSONIA ADULT MOSQUITO
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MANSONIA ADULT MOSQUITO
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MANSONIA AS VECTORS OF DISEASE
• Brugia malayi type of filariasis: M.Annulifera,
M.Uniformis, M.Indiana and M. Longipalpis
• Breeding :water with aquatic vegetations such as pistia, salvinia and eichornia.
• Above species are seen in the coastal areas of kollam, alappuzha, ernakulam etc.
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AEDES EGG
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AEDES MOSQUITO
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AEDES LARVA
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CULEX ADULT FEMALE
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CULEX MALE HEAD
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CULEX LARVA
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ANOPHELES FEMALE HEAD
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ANOPHELES ADULT FEMALE
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House fly
Important species are
• Musca domestica
• Musca vicinia
• Musca nebulo
• Musca sorbens
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House fly • Mouse grey in colour
• 6-7 mm long, hairy
• Three body segments
• Head, thorax and abdomen
• Six legs
• A pair of wings
• Wings-transparent
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House fly - Head
• A pair of compound eyes
• Eyes are closer in males and
far apart in females
• A pair of antenna - small
• Retractile proboscis
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• Thorax- 2-4 dark longitudinal stripes
• A pair of wings, 3 pairs of legs
• Legs- pads : help the fly to walk on polished surface
• Tenent hairs - Short & stiff hairs are present in the
body and legs - secrete a sticky substance
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House fly- life cycle
• Egg- 120-150 eggs/sitting, 1mmlong, pearly white and
they hatch out in 8-24 hours
• Larva (maggots) – 1-2 mm length, segmented, worm
like, no eyes / appendages, a narrow anterior and
broader posterior end, (2-7 days)
• Pupa- white in early stages, later it becomes dark,
barrel shaped, 3-6 days
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8-24h
•2-7 d
•2-6 d
Adult - 8-20/ 5-6 days
•Lives- 15 / 25days
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Egg of housefly
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Pupae of house fly
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Larvae of house fly
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Housefly mouth parts
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Wing of housefly
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Habits
• Breeding Animal and human excreta, garbage,
decaying fruits and vegetables
• Feeding Does not bite, Can not eat solid food.
• Resting Rest on vertical surfaces and hanging
objects
• Dispersal 4 miles
• Vomit drop & defecation
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Transmission
• Mechanical :Ova & cyst etc mechanically and called
porters of infection.
• Vomit drop It is a rich bacterial culture
• Defecation
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Mechanical transmission of diseases
• Viruses : Hepatitis, poliomyelitis.
• Bacterial : Enteric fever, bacillary dysentery, cholera, wound
infection & trachoma.
• Parasitic : Mechanical transmission of
Eggs: Ascaris, Trichuris, Hymenolpis nana
Cysts: Entameba histolytica, Giardia
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Fly control1. Environmental control
clean house with clean surroundings
2. Insecticidal control
DDT (5%), lindane(0.5%), fenthion (2.5%), malathion(5%), diazinon
(1-2%), dimethoate etc as residual sprays/ space spray/ Baits/
cords & ribbons, larvicides
3. Fly papers –resin 2lbs & castor oil 1 pint
4. Protection against flies-screening (14mesh/inch)
5. Health education
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Sand fly
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Phlebotominae• Like a mosquito, lb- db colour
• Tiny insects (1-3 mm)
• Smaller than mosquitoes
• Hairs on body and wings
• Wings rest over body like “angel’s” wings
• Only females suck blood
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• Phlebotomus argentipes
• P. papatassi
• P. serpenti
• Sergentomyia punjabensis
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Sand flies Phlebotomus spp
• Wing kept erect while resting.
• Breed in crack of soil and wall, rubbish heaps
• Move in hops rather than fly (50 yards)
• Nocturnal, during day time rest in cool damp places
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Sand fly
• A pair of long, slender hairy antenna, palpi & proboscis
• 1 pair of wings & 3 pairs of legs
• Whole body is covered with hairs
• Abdomen – 10 segments
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Sandfly
• In males 2 claspers are seen in
the 10th abdominal segment
• In females ,10th abdominal
segment has 2 small cerci
• Eggs – damp dark places
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Male sand fly
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Male sand fly
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Male sand fly
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Female sandfly
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Female sandfly
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Sand flyLeishmaniasis
– Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala azar) – P argentipes
– Cutaneous leishmaniasis (oriental sore) P papatasii, sergenti
– Mucocutenous.leishmaniasis
Transmission cyclopropagative
– Sand fly fever viral disease P papatassi, Sergentomyia
punjabensis
Mild fever like influenza propagative
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Control measures
• Insecticides DDT 1-2g/m² or Lindane 0.25g/m²
DDT The residual effect is up to 1-2 years
Lindane for 3 months
• Sanitation Removal of shrubs and vegetations, Filling
up of cracks and crevices in the wall and floors,
location of cattle sheds & poultry houses
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Others
• Tsetse fly/ Glossinae - Blood sucking fly, only found in Africa,
(fly belt) - Trypanosomiasis
• Black fly/ Simulum- Blood sucking fly
Vectors of Onchocerciasis
The larvae are aquatic
Control is by adding abate to river water.
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Human lice
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Lice• Small wingless insects, ectoparasites
• Three species that solely live on humans
– Pediculus humanus occurs in two subspecies • the head louse (P. h. capitis) and
• the body louse (P. h. corporis)
• The body louse lives mostly in the clothing and attaches its eggs to its fibers
• The third species of human lice is Phthirus pubis/ crab or pubic louse.
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Head louse- Pediculus humanus capitis
• The head louse lives in the hair and attaches eggs (nits) to the hair
• Body - dorso-ventrally flattened, has head, thorax & abdomen
• Head-pointed, bears a pair of 5 segmented antennae, Simple eyes
• Sucking & piercing type
• Thorax has 3 pairs of appendages
• Last segment of appendages ends with claws
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Head louse• In females last abdominal
segment is bifid
• In males last abdominal
segment is pointed not bifid.
• Males posses a U shaped organ
called aedeagus
• Aedeagus is species specific
and region specific
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Pthirus pubis - Pubic Louse
• Resembles a crab, about 2mm
• Attached to pubic hair & eye lashes
• Head, thorax, abdomen
• Thorax has 3 pairs of legs & first pair is slender
• Last segment of appendages ends with claws
• Abdomen has lateral projections called lateral papillae
• Females last abd.segment is bifid
• In males last segment is not bifid.
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Lice -PH importance
Disease transmission:
• Lice act as a vector for
Epidemic typhus – R prowazeki
Relapsing fever – B recurrentis
Trench fever – R quintana
• Pediculosis, dermatitis, irritation and pruritus.
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Control of liceInsecticides
• Lotion with 0.5% malathion, applied and kept on for 12-24
hrs.
• Dust - carbaryl
• DDT, HCH & malathion
• Mass delousing – 50g/ person
Personal hygiene
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Fleas of medical importance
• Small, bilaterally compressed, wingless insects and
got a exoskeleton and backwardly directed bristles
• Fleas found on one particular kind of animal host
will not usually seek the blood of another species
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Types of fleas• Rat flea— Xenopsylla cheopis
Xenopsylla astia
Xenopsylla braziliensis
• Human fleas- Pulex irritans
• Dog and cat - Ctenocephalus canis
Ctenocephalus felis
• Sand flea – Tunga penetrans
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Morphology
• Body is bilaterally compressed with head, thorax and
abdomen
• No definite demarcation
• Head
- Conical, attached to thorax without a neck
- Bears piercing and sucking mouth parts which project
downwards
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• Thorax
3 segments & 3 pairs of legs
• Abdomen
- consists of 10 segments
- In males , the 7th abdominal segment dorsally has a sensory
organ - pygedium
- Anterior to this anti pygedial bristles arise directly from the
body
- Females have dark curved structure in the posterior part,
spermatheca which is used for storing sperms
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Life cycle
• Metamorphosis is complete
• Eggs-larva-pupa-adult
• Adult flea seen on body of the host
• Immature stages seen on premises of host
• Takes 3 weeks to complete life cycle
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x.braziliensis
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X.Braziliens male BRUSH LIKE projections
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X.Cheopsis female
Csh
aped
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X astia
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Ctenocephalides
• Ecto- parasites of dog and cat
• Characterized by black teeth like structure on head
known genal comb and another set on first thoracic
segment-pronotal comb
• If an infected flea is swallowed by man, he gets
infected
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Dog flea, cat flea
Trop. rat flea
dog flea cat flea
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Ctenocephalides canis
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Ctenocephalides male
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X. cheopes • Main vector for plague
• Females have “C”shaped
spermatheca with uniform thickness
which is used for storing sperms
• In males spermatheca is absent, the
7th abdominal segment dorsally has a
sensory organ-pygedium
• Anterior to this is anti pygedial
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X. astia
• In female-spermatheca is bulbus at the middle –a shaped
• In male- anti pygedial bristles arise directly from the
body
• 9th sternite is ribbon shaped
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X. brazeliensis
• In female-spermatheca is bulbus at one end –b shaped
• In male- anti pygedial bristles arise from a conical
base
• 9th sternite is absent
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Diseases transmitted• Plague (bubonic)
• Endemic or murine typhus
• Chiggerosis
• Hymenolepis diminuta
• Modeof transmission
– Biting-blocked flea
– Mechanical transmission
– Faeces
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Flea Indices
• General flea index
It is the average number of fleas of all species per rodent
• Specific flea index
It is the average number of fleas of each species found per
rodent
If one or more than one ,chance of plague outbreak
• Rodent infestation rate
Percentage of rodents infested with fleas
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Control of fleas
• Insecticides
– DDT(5-10%),γHCH, dieldrin, diazinon(2%)
– Applied in floors & walls up to 1ft
– Applied in rat burrows
• Repellents
– Diethyl toluamide
• Rodent control
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Rodent control
• Environmental sanitation
• Rodenticides
(1)Single dose - Ba carbonate and Zn phosphide
Rat killed in 8-24 hrs
(2) Multiple dose – Anticoagulants(warfarin, coumafuryl)
Rat killed in 4-10 days
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• Fumigation of rat burrows using Ca cyanide, methyl bromide
etc.
30 gm of powder sprayed inside rat burrow after closing all
openings
Final opening sealed with wet mud
When powder form comes in contact with moisture it emits
cyanide gas and kills rats and fleas
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Ticks• Wingless insects
• Ectoparasites of vertebrate animals
• They all suck blood
• Body is oval in shape ,and has two parts- head or Capitulum & Abdomen
• Head is at anterior end
• Has 4 pairs of appendages, no antennae
• Hard ticks are covered on their dorsal surface by a chitinous shield called scutum
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Hard ticks • Males are smaller than females
• In males body is completely covered by scutum
• In females anterior 1/3rd is covered by scutum
• Vertical transmission from mother to egg
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Hard tick
Male
Female
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Hard tick
Female Male
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Hard tick male
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Hard tick female
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Female hard
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Soft tick
• Abdominal wall is smooth
• Dorsal surface has small dot like mamillary tubrercles
•Small, soft and leathery cuticula,
•Mouthparts invisible from dorsal aspect
•The scutum/dorsal shield is `absent
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Soft tick
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Soft and hard ticks(Agasidae/Ixodidae)
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• Hard tick hard cuticle
- Babesiosis, Tularaemia
- Colorado tick fever,
- Rocky mountain spotted fever,
- Tick paralysis ,KFD
• Soft tick soft cuticle
- Relapsing fever Borrelia duttoni
- Q fever
- KFD
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Mites –sarcoptes scabei
• Tiny (0.1-0.3 mm) endo-parasitic mite
• Lives in epidermal layer of skin
• Body - Capitulum & Abdomen
• Eyes antennae & wings are absent
• 2 pairs of legs in front 2 pairs behind.
• Front legs end in long tubular process-suckers
• Hind legs end in long filamentous bristles
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sarcoptes scabei
Female Male
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Sarcoptes scabiei- Public health importance
• Causes human scabies
• Scabies is characterized by an intensely pruritic, erythematous, papular eruption caused by burrowing of adult female mites in upper layers of the epidermis, creating serpiginous burrows. Itching is most intense at night
• Sites of lesion – hands & wrist (63%),extensor aspect of wrist (11%),
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Preferred sites interdigital, popliteal fold and groin
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Cyclops • Class-crustacea
• Pear shaped semi transparent body, forked tail, 2pairs of antennae
• Large cephalothorax & slender segmented abdomen
• Single small pigmented eye
• In females 1st abd. segment has apair of ovisac
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Cyclops
FemaleMale
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Cyclops (water flea)
• Vector for:
Dracunculus medinensis
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Cyclops male
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Helminthic egg
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