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Spread of Islamic Art to Africa and Southwest Europe
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Islamic Origins
• Islam begins in Mecca (modern day Saudi Arabia) at the year 632 C.E. – Connected to the teachings of the Prophet Mohammed
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Dar al-Islam
• The collective name for the “Islamic world”
– Lands where Islam is the primary religion
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Islamic North African Art
• Differences in geography, language, religion, politics
– Divisions between Judaism, Christianity & Islam
• Mixture of Native African artistic traditions, prior religious heritage, and Islamic inspired art
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Islam’s Spread into Africa
• Combination of military conquest, cultural diffusion, and trade relationships
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Western African Empires
• Ghana
• Mali
• Songhai
• Trading empires
– Salt and Gold peaked Muslim interest in West Africa
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Case Study: Ghana
• Access to personal wealth of kings allowed for development of art – Adornment with jewelry – Ceremonial purposes
"The King adorns himself like a woman wearing gold necklaces round his neck and bracelets on his forearms and he puts on a high cap decorated with gold and wrapped in a turban of fine cotton.”
- 10th century geographer Al-Bakri, quoted in Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History
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Ghana Architecture • “He holds an audience in a domed pavilion around
which stand ten horses covered with gold-embroidered materials …and on his right, are the sons of the vassal kings of his country, wearing splendid garments and their hair plaited with gold.”
– 10th century geographer Al-Bakri, quoted in Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History
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Case Study: Mali
• Empire of Great Kings
– Sundiata
• Begins empire in 13th Century
– Mansa Musa
• Introduced Islam to empire after Hajj to Mecca
• Introduced Arabians directly to wealth of West Africa
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Detail
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Impact of Mansa Musa’s Hajj
• Timbuktu became center of learning and Islamic cultural
– Universities
– Mosques
– Art
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Mud Mosques of Mali
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Great Mosque of Djenne
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Swahili Culture
• Connected through Muslims through Indian Ocean Trade
– Led to combination of traditional Swahili culture and Islamic culture
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Illuminated Swahili Qur'an, Kenya, Early 19th century
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Great Mosque at Kilwa
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The Alhambra in Granada, Andalucia, Spain
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Background
• 9th Century Fortress Built in Spain by Islamic soldiers and added onto in 1100s and 1300s
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Tile work Tessellations
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Geometric Design
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“God is the only victor”
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The Court of Lions
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Detail of the Court of Lions
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Gazelles Painting