Download - Sql for dbaspresentation

SQL For DBAsDevelopers and Users will learn something as well!

Daniel W. Fink

Overview♦ Where is the information

– Data Dictionary views & tables♦ How can I extract it?

– SQL, functions♦ How can I use it?

– SQL*Plus to build and execute the script

Method♦ Build a script that generates the ‘create

tablespace’ commands for the database♦ Not all options considered

– AUTOEXTEND– MINEXTENT– ONLINE/OFFLINE– *I have to leave something for you to add…

♦ Not all tablespaces– Enough to demonstrate likely permutations

Command♦ Rules

– Tablespace can be TEMPORARY– TEMPORARY tablespace can use DATA files

or TEMP files– A single tablespace can have multiple data files

♦ Command structureCREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLESPACE tablespacename

[TEMPORARY]

{DATAFILE|TEMPFILE} filename filesize

EXTENT MANAGEMENT [DICTIONARY|LOCAL

[{AUTOALLOCATE|UNIFORM} [size {K|M}]]}]

Oracle’s Data Dictionary♦ Access via Views

– 1390 in 8i– 1820 in 9i

♦ DBA_ - Everything in database ♦ ALL_ - What you can see♦ USER_ What you own♦ Other – Miscellaneous views

Where does it come from?♦ Views of underlying base objects♦ Provides level of abstraction

– Easy to understand– Hides translations and calculations– READ ONLY!

View Textselect ts.name,

ts.blocksize * ts.dflinit,

decode(bitand(ts.flags, 3), 1, to_number(NULL),

ts.blocksize*ts.dflincr),

ts.dflminext,

decode(ts.contents$, 1, to_number(NULL), ts.dflmaxext),

decode(bitand(ts.flags, 3), 1, to_number(NULL),

ts.dflextpct),

ts.blocksize * ts.dflminlen,

decode(ts.online$,1,'ONLINE',2,'OFFLINE',

4,'READ ONLY','UNDEFINED'),

decode(ts.contents$, 0, 'PERMANENT', 1, 'TEMPORARY'),

decode(ts.dflogging, 0, 'NOLOGGING', 1, 'LOGGING'),

decode(ts.bitmapped, 0, 'DICTIONARY', 'LOCAL'),

decode(bitand(ts.flags,3),0,'USER',1,'SYSTEM',2,'UNIFORM',

'UNDEFINED'),

decode(ts.plugged, 0, 'NO', 'YES')

from sys.ts$ ts

where ts.online$ != 3

ColumnsTABLESPACE_NAME

INITIAL_EXTENT

NEXT_EXTENT

MIN_EXTENTS

MAX_EXTENTS

PCT_INCREASE

MIN_EXTLEN

STATUS

CONTENTS

LOGGING

EXTENT_MANAGEMENT

ALLOCATION_TYPE

PLUGGED_IN

Where can I find more information?♦ Oracle Documentation – Server Reference

Guide♦ DBA_VIEWS

– text contains the actual text of the view– SET LONG 10000 in order to see all the text

♦ catalog.sql♦ sql.bsq

Notes on Data Dictionary♦ ID

– COLUMN_ID starts at 1– EXTENT_ID starts at 0

♦ Not All DBA_* views have ALL_* and/or USER_* counterparts

♦ DBA_EXTENTS and USER_EXTENTS have different information– USER_EXTENTS does not contain file information

♦ DBA_TAB_COLUMNS– Not just table columns, also views, clusters

♦ DBA_IND_COLUMNS– Reverse Key Indexes have function name instead of table column

name for leading column

Quick Tour of the Data Dictionary

Tables/ViewsDBA_TABLES

DBA_TAB_COLUMNS

DBA_TAB_COL_STATISTICS

DBA_TAB_HISTOGRAMS

DBA_PART_TABLES

DBA_TAB_PARTITIONS

DBA_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS

DBA_CONSTRAINTS

DBA_CONS_COLUMNS

DBA_VIEWS

StorageDBA_TABLESPACES

DBA_DATA_FILES

DBA_TEMP_FILES

DBA_SEGMENTS

DBA_EXTENTS

DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS

DBA_FREE_SPACEUsersDBA_USERS

DBA_ROLES

DBA_ROLE_PRIVS

DBA_TAB_PRIVS

DBA_SYS_PRIVS

DBA_PROFILES

IndexesDBA_INDEXES

DBA_IND_COLUMNS

DBA_IND_PARTITIONS

DBA_IND_SUBPARTITIONS

DBA_PART_INDEXES

Data Dictionary views for script♦ DBA_TABLESPACES

– All tablespaces in database♦ DBA_DATAFILES

– All DATAFILEs for all tablespaces♦ DBA_TEMPFILES

– *New in Oracle 8i– Identifies TEMPFILES created by command

“create temporary tablespace”

Using SQL to Write SQL♦ Joins♦ Unions♦ Functions♦ Sorting

Joins♦ A relationship using common data (natural or

derived) must exist♦ Inner

– If a related row exists, return both main and related row– If a related row does not exist, do not return the main

row

♦ Outer– If a related row exists, return both main and related row– If a related row does not exist, return main row and null

values for related row

Joinselect t.tablespace_name,

d.file_name

from dba_tablespaces t,

dba_data_files d

where d.tablespace_name = t.tablespace_name;

TABLESPACE_NAME FILE_NAME

--------------- ---------------------------------

SYSTEM C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF

TOOLS C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF

TOOLS C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS02.DBF

TEMP2 C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP201.DBF

Union♦ Set Operation♦ Used to combine sets of data

– Joins & Relationships are not used♦ Columns must be same number and datatype

– A literal expression can be used♦ Returns one row for each distinct set of values

– UNION ALL will return duplicates

select statement1

unionselect statement2

File List♦ File names are listed in

– DBA_DATA_FILES (10 rows)– DBA_TEMP_FILES (1 row)

♦ Common Data?– Both contain tablespace_name…

File Listselect d.file_name, t.file_name

from dba_data_files d,

dba_temp_files t


no rows selected

♦ Why?– Tablespaces use either data files or temp

files…not both– Even an outer join will miss rows

File List

select file_name

from dba_data_files

union

select file_name

from dba_temp_files;

FILE_NAME

------------------------------

C:\ORADATA\ORA817\RBS01.DBF

C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF

C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP01.DBF


C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF


Tablespace/File List

select tablespace_name

from dba_tablespaces

union

select file_name

from dba_data_files

union

select file_name

from dba_temp_files;

TABLESPACE_NAME

------------------------------------

C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF





SYSTEM

TEMP

TEMP2

TOOLS

Functions♦ Concatenation

– Combine 2 or more strings together♦ DECODE/CASE

– Conditional display/decision-making♦ TO_CHAR

– Converts a number or date to a character string♦ CHR

– Displays the ASCII character♦ ASCII

– Displays the ASCII number

Concatenation♦ Combine two or more strings together

– Remember to add blanks♦ CREATE TABLESPACE <ts_name>

CONCAT(‘CREATE TABLESPACE ’,tablespace_name)

‘CREATE TABLESPACE ’||tablespace_name

DECODE/CASE♦ Rudimentary decision making function♦ DECODE available in 7/8/9♦ CASE available from 8.1.6+♦ Use to determine

– Type of tablespace– Extent Management– Datafile separation

DECODE♦ DECODE(expression,

comparison1, return1,comparison2, return2,…default)

♦ Can only use equality comparison

DECODEIf DBA_TABLESPACES.CONTENTS = ‘TEMPORARY’ display

‘TEMPORARY’ELSE IF DBA_TABLESPACES.CONTENTS = ‘PERMANENT’ display NULLELSE display NULL

select ‘CREATE ‘||decode(contents,

‘TEMPORARY’,‘TEMPORARY ’,

‘PERMANENT’,NULL,NULL)||

‘TABLESPACE ‘||tablespace_name

from dba_tablespaces;

CREATE TABLESPACE SYSTEM

CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP

CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP2

CREATE TABLESPACE TOOLS

CASE♦ Introduced in 8.1.6♦ Able to return based on variable conditions

CASE WHEN condition1 THEN result1WHEN condition2 THEN result2

…ELSE default

CASEselect ‘CREATE ‘||

CASE WHEN contents=‘TEMPORARY’ THEN ‘TEMPORARY ’

WHEN contents=‘PERMANENT’ THEN NULL

ELSE NULL

END||’TABLESPACE ‘||tablespace_name

from dba_tablespaces;





♦ Permanent = NULL not currently needed, but included for example

Character String Conversion♦ TO_CHAR([date|number]{,format string})

– Converts numbers or dates to character string– Uses format codes to change display

♦ TO_CHAR(number)– Does not require format string– Oracle will also convert numeric string to number– If you are not formatting, Oracle will automatically

convert to string…UNLESS it is used in a UNION

Character String Conversionselect 12345||’ is a number’ from dual;

12334 is a number

select ‘12345’-10 from dual;

12335

select 12345 from dual

union

select ‘is a number’ from dual;

ORA-01790: expression must have same datatype ascorresponding expression

CHR♦ CHR is used to ‘print’ special characters

– CHR(<ascii_number>)♦ ASCII can be used to determine the number

of the character– ASCII(‘<character>’)

♦ Data files in statement must be enclosed in single tic (‘)– ‘ is a character and can be enclosed in ‘ as a character

string– but I can never remember how many I need

(I think it’s 4…or is it 3…What if I am using it to end a string?)

♦ CHR(39) prints a single ‘

Single Tic

Single Tic

SQL> select ’’’’||file_name||’’’’2 from dba_data_files;

'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF''C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF'

SQL> select chr(39)||file_name||chr(39)

2 from dba_data_files;

'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF'

'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF'

New Line♦ CHR(10) ‘prints’ a newline character

– Able to output single row of data on multiple lines

select ‘Line 1’||chr(10)||’Line 2’

from dual;

Line 1

Line 2

CREATE TABLESPACEselect ‘CREATE TABLESPACE ‘||

t.tablespace_name||chr(10)||

‘DATAFILE ‘||chr(39)||

d.file_name||chr(39)

from dba_tablespaces t,

dba_data_files d


CREATE TABLESPACE ErrorCREATE TABLESPACE SYSTEM

DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF'


DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF'


DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS02.DBF'

CREATE TABLESPACE TEMP2

DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP201.DBF‘

♦ 2nd ‘CREATE TABLESPACE TOOLS’ statement will fail…how do we work around?

UNION♦ UNION of DBA_TABLESPACES,

DBA_DATA_FILES, DBA_TEMP_FILES♦ Each SQL statement is executed

independently, then the results are combined

♦ Output will be sorted, in column order♦ ORDER BY must be last line

UNIONselect 'CREATE '||decode(contents, 'TEMPORARY', 'TEMPORARY ', NULL)||

’TABLESPACE ‘||tablespace_name

from dba_tablespacesunionselect 'DATAFILE '||chr(39)||file_name||chr(39)||' SIZE

'||to_char(bytes/1024)||'K'from dba_data_filesunionselect 'TEMPFILE '||chr(39)||file_name||chr(39)||' SIZE

'||to_char(bytes/1024)||'K'from dba_temp_files;

CREATE TABLESPACE SYSTEMCREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMPCREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP2

CREATE TABLESPACE TOOLSDATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF' SIZE 280576KDATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP201.DBF' SIZE 102400KDATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF' SIZE 12288KDATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS02.DBF' SIZE 102400KTEMPFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP01.DBF' SIZE 204800K

Errata♦ Tablespace to File relationship correct, but not in

proper order for SQL statement– Proper order of lines in command is missing– We will use columns to sort…but suppress the printing

♦ Still missing storage/extent management clauses…– Later addition…don’t want to clutter up the statements

just yet

♦ Statement contains an error

SQL*Plus Commands♦ COLUMN

– noprint♦ SET

– sqlprompt– pagesize– feedback

COLUMN♦ The CREATE TABLESPACE line needs to

be associated with DATAFILE line♦ COLUMN command can be used to

suppress printing– COLUMN column_name NOPRINT– Size of column will be factored in to

LINESIZE

COLUMNselect tablespace_name ts_name,'CREATE '||

decode(contents, 'TEMPORARY', 'TEMPORARY ',NULL)||’TABLESPACE ‘||tablespace_name

sql_commandfrom dba_tablespacesunionselect tablespace_name ts_name, 'DATAFILE '||chr(39)||

file_name||chr(39)||' SIZE '||to_char(bytes/1024)||'K' sql_command

from dba_data_filesunionselect tablespace_name ts_name,'TEMPFILE '||chr(39)||file_name

||chr(39)||' SIZE '||to_char(bytes/1024)||'K' sql_commandfrom dba_temp_files;

COLUMN

TS_NAME SQL_COMMAND

------- -------------------------------------------------------

SYSTEM CREATE TABLESPACE SYSTEM

SYSTEM DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF' SIZE 280576K

TEMP CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP

TEMP TEMPFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP01.DBF' SIZE 204800K

TEMP2 CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP2

TEMP2 DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP201.DBF' SIZE 102400K

TOOLS CREATE TABLESPACE TOOLS

TOOLS DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF' SIZE 12288K

TOOLS DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS02.DBF' SIZE 102400K

COLUMN Formatting

SQL> COLUMN ts_name NOPRINT

SQL> /

SQL_COMMAND

-------------------------------------------------------


DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF' SIZE 280576K


TEMPFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP01.DBF' SIZE 204800K


DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP201.DBF' SIZE 102400K


DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF' SIZE 12288K


Formatting Output♦ Supress all non-sql statement strings♦ SET

– PAGESIZE 0 – suppress all breaks, headings, etc.

– FEEDBACK OFF – suppress ’10 Rows Returned’ message

– SQLPROMPT “” – removes SQL> prompt• Be careful…it may look like the command hangs

Formatting Output

SQL> col ts_name noprintSQL> set pagesize 0 feedback off sqlprompt ""/CREATE TABLESPACE SYSTEMDATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF' SIZE 280576KCREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMPTEMPFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP01.DBF' SIZE 204800KCREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP2DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP201.DBF' SIZE 102400KCREATE TABLESPACE TOOLSDATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF' SIZE 12288KDATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS02.DBF' SIZE 102400K

OOPS♦ DBA_TABLESPACES.CONTENTS lists

contents, but not type of file…– Each command creates a TEMPORARY

tablespace, but the file specs are not the same!CREATE TABLESPACE TEMPORARY <name> TEMPFILE <name> <specs>

CREATE TABLESPACE <name> TEMPORARY DATAFILE <name> <specs>

♦ Multiple data or temp files must be separated by a comma

Proper Syntax for TEMPORARYselect tablespace_name ts_name,

'CREATE TABLESPACE '||tablespace_name||

decode(contents,'TEMPORARY',' TEMPORARY',NULL) sql_commandfrom dba_tablespaceswhere tablespace_name in (select tablespace_name from dba_data_files)unionselect tablespace_name ts_name,

'CREATE '||decode(contents,'TEMPORARY','TEMPORARY ',NULL)||

’TABLESPACE ‘|| tablespace_name sql_commandfrom dba_tablespaceswhere tablespace_name in (select tablespace_name from dba_temp_files)unionselect tablespace_name ts_name,

'DATAFILE '||chr(39)||file_name||chr(39)||' SIZE '||

to_char(bytes/1024)||'K' sql_commandfrom dba_data_filesunionselect tablespace_name ts_name,

'TEMPFILE '||chr(39)||file_name||chr(39)||' SIZE '||to_char(bytes/1024)||'K' sql_command

from dba_temp_files

Proper Syntax for TEMPORARYCREATE TABLESPACE SYSTEM

DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\SYSTEM01.DBF' SIZE 280576K



CREATE TABLESPACE TEMP2 TEMPORARY





Proper Syntax for Multiple FilesCREATE TABLESPACE <tsname>

DATAFILE <filename> <filespecs>,

<filename> <filespecs>

♦ Where can the comma go?– After the file specs OR– Before the next file name

• Logic easier for 2nd choice

♦ File order is not important– Each file has a numeric ID– Skip the file with the lowest ID

Proper Syntax for Multiple Files

♦ Add file_id as a column and sort by it♦ While we are at it…add sql_sort column to

insure proper order of statements♦ Current Sort Order

– tablespace_name– ts_sort (each part of union has a new value)– sql_sort (file_id or derived value)

Proper Syntax for Multiple Filesselect tablespace_name ts_name, 0 ts_sort, 0 sql_sort,

<create tablespace line>

union

select tablespace_name ts_name, 1 ts_sort, file_id sql_sort

<datafile line>

union

select tablespace_name ts_name, 1 ts_sort, file_id sql_sort

<tempfile line>

union

select tablespace_name ts_name, 2 ts_sort, 0 sql_sort

<storage line>

order by ts_name, ts_sort, sql_sort;

Multiple Filesselect df.tablespace_name ts_name, 1 ts_sort, file_id

sql_sort,

decode(df.file_id,tfi.min_file_id,'DATAFILE ',

', ')||chr(39)||df.file_name||chr(39)||

' SIZE '||to_char(df.bytes/1024)||'K'sql_command

from dba_data_files df,

(select tablespace_name t_name, min(file_id)min_file_id

from dba_data_files

group by tablespace_name) tfi

where df.tablespace_name = tfi.t_name

and tablespace_name != 'SYSTEM'

♦ Because we are sorting on file_id, we know that the ‘first’ file will be the first displayed

Proper Output (with columns)TS_NAME TS SQL SQL_COMMAND

------- ---- ----- ------------------------------------------------------------

TEMP 0 0 CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP

TEMP 1 1 TEMPFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP01.DBF' SIZE 204800K

TEMP2 0 0 CREATE TABLESPACE TEMP2 TEMPORARY

TEMP2 1 4 DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TEMP201.DBF' SIZE 102400K

TOOLS 0 0 CREATE TABLESPACE TOOLS

TOOLS 1 5 DATAFILE 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS01.DBF' SIZE 12288K

TOOLS 1 10 , 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS02.DBF' SIZE 102400K

Proper Output (without columns)CREATE TEMPORARY TABLESPACE TEMP


CREATE TABLESPACE TEMP2 TEMPORARY




, 'C:\ORADATA\ORA817\TOOLS02.DBF' SIZE 102400K

What’s Next?♦ Extent Management & Storage Clause

– Dictionary Extent Management is default, no need to specify

– DEFAULT STORAGE and LOCAL extent management are mutually exclusive

♦ Interesting notes…– Not all Tablespaces have NEXT defined– Not all Tablespaces have MAXEXTENTS defined– What else may be NULL?

Extent Management & Storage

♦ Extent Management can be– LOCAL

• AUTOALLOCATE• UNIFORM SIZE

– DICTIONARY• default…no need to specify

Dictionary Extent ManagementCASE WHEN ts.extent_management = 'DICTIONARY'

THEN 'DEFAULT STORAGE ('||

decode(ts.initial_extent, NULL, NULL,

' INITIAL '||to_char(ts.initial_extent/1024)||'K')||

decode(ts.next_extent, NULL, NULL,

' NEXT'||to_char(ts.next_extent/1024)||'K')||

decode(ts.min_extents, NULL, NULL,

' MINEXTENTS '||to_char(ts.min_extents))||

decode(ts.max_extents, NULL, NULL,

' MAXEXTENTS '||to_char(ts.max_extents))||

decode(ts.pct_increase, NULL, NULL,

' PCTINCREASE'||to_char(ts.pct_increase))||');‘

Local Extent Management

♦ Allocation type and the command are not the same!

WHEN ts.extent_management = 'LOCAL'

THEN 'EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL '||

CASE WHEN ts.allocation_type = 'SYSTEM'

THEN 'AUTOALLOCATE;'

WHEN ts.allocation_type = 'UNIFORM'

THEN 'UNIFORM SIZE '||

to_char(ts.initial_extent/1024)||'K;'

END

Storage Clause/Extent ManagmentOEM_REPOSITORY EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL AUTOALLOCATE;

TEMP EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL UNIFORM SIZE 10240K;

TEMP2 DEFAULT STORAGE ( INITIAL 40K

NEXT 40K

MINEXTENTS 1

PCTINCREASE 50);

TOOLS DEFAULT STORAGE ( INITIAL 32K

NEXT 32K

MINEXTENTS 1

MAXEXTENTS 4096

PCTINCREASE 0);

Spooling Output♦ SPOOL <filename>♦ SPOOL OFF♦ SPOOL command will overwrite the file if

is exists…and not even ask you “Are You Sure?”– be careful not to SPOOL

<sql_filename>…you’ll lose your work

Complete Script

♦ Complete script is attached at the end♦ Has been tested in 8.1.7 and 9.0.1 on

Win2K♦ Still room for improvement and missing

clauses…– Same script was very simple in 7.3!

Notes & Addendum♦ Formatting not always exact

– Especially Line Spacing♦ Verify all scripts with new versions and

features– Data Dictionary structure and data can change

between releases

Download - Sql for dbaspresentation

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