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SSWH5 The student will trace the origins and
expansion of the Islamic World between 600 CE and
1300 CE.
a. Explain the origins of Islam and the growth of the
Islamic Empire.
b. Identify the Muslim trade routes to India, China,
Europe, and Africa and assess the economic impact of
this trade.
c. Explain the reasons for the split between Sunni and
Shia Muslims.
d. Identify the contributions of Islamic scholars in
medicine (Ibn Sina) and geography (Ibn Battuta).
e. Describe the impact of the Crusades on both the
Islamic World and Europe.
f. Analyze the relationship between Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam.
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The Rise of Islam
The Rise of Islam
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Origins of Islam
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EQ: What are the origins of Islam?
KQ1: Why was Muhammad’s revelations a threat to
the business leaders of Mecca?
KQ2: What is the significance of the Hegira?
KQ3: What is the significance of the Battle of Badr?
KQ4: What is the basis of Islamic law?
KQ5: What is the main difference b/w Sunni and Shia
Muslims?
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Historical ContextA. Islam is the last of the major
monotheistic religions to develop
B. Spread aggressively out of Arabia during the 7th century
-Jihad and Conversion
-Religious Toleration w/ Taxation
C. Facilitated extensive trade/financial network b/w Europe, Asia, and Africa
D. Significant contributions in science, philosophy, medicine, architecture, art and literature
-Preservation of Hellenic Scholarship contributes to the European Renaissance
E. Migrations/ Invasions from the Central Asian Steppes acculturate Islamic civilization
-Establishment of the Islamic Gunpowder Empires
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Arabian Peninsula
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GeographyA. Arabian Peninsula
-Largely vacant and desolate
B. Strategic location
-Crossroads of Asian, African, and European commerce
C. Most major trading centers/cities are located on/near the coast
D. Predominantly inhabited by pastoral Bedouin nomads
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MeccaA. Major trading center
located on the western coast along the Red Sea
B. Controlled by merchant aristocracy
C. A religious center to which various groups made annual pilgrimages
D. Kaaba or “Cube”- shrine temple containing the sacred Black Stone
-idols, images, and shrines
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The Hajj
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Muhammad the Prophet (570-632)A. Orphaned into the
commercial/religious culture of Mecca
-married a widow w/ a substantial estate and worked as a merchant
B. Received a series of divine revelations from Allah via the archangel Gabriel
C. Muhammad’s proselytizing was intensely monotheistic and threatened the business culture/social order of Mecca
D. Several attempts were made to silence Muhammad including bribery, ostracism, persecution, and murder
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The Hegira
622AD
Muhammad’s migration
to Medina marks the
beginning of the Islamic
state
200 miles
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Hegira (622AD)A. Medina- an oasis
community north of Mecca
-Perceived Muhammad as a wise man and invited him to settle disputes b/w tribal chiefs
B. Became a refuge for Meccanfollowers and a recruiting ground for converts
C. Muhammad’s migration to Medina marks the beginning of the Islamic state
D. Medina or “City of the Prophet” becomes the center of Islamic power on the Arabian Peninsula
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Battle of Badr (624)A. Muhammad, the Emigrants, and the
Helpers from Medina (300) vs. Angry Meccan Merchants (900)
B. Decisive Islamic victory marked the arrival of Muhammad as a major military/political leader
C. Badr was the first step towards rapid Islamic territorial conquest and expansion
D. Several other battles (victories and defeats) were fought before Muhammad captured the city of Mecca in 630
E. United the Arabian Peninsula under a single ruler
-Muhammad died in 632
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Battle of Badr (624AD)
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The Koran
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KoranA. The infallible/unedited word of
God in Arabic
-Core of every aspect of Islamic
culture
B. Sharia Law
- derived from the Koran and the
Hadith
-Regulates and establishes the
perfect pattern of behavior for all
humans
C. Basis of Islamic Theocracy
- a legal system, social organization,
and system of government
D. No separation b/w Church and State
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Five PillarsA. Profession of Faith- Belief
in Allah and Muhammad as
his final prophet
B. Prostration/Prayer five
times a day towards Mecca
C. Charity to the poor and
disinherited
D. Fasting during Ramadan
E. Pilgrimage to Mecca
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Umayyad
Dynasty
(661-750)
Mecca
Damascus
Umayyad
Restoration
(756)
CordobaAbbasid
Dynasty
(750-1258)
BaghdadFatimid
Dynasty
(909-1171)
Cairo
Mongols 13th Century
Turks 11th Century
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Dome of the Rock
Muhammad’s Ascension
Rock of Sacrifice
Abraham & Isaac
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Comparing the Three FaithsA. Monotheistic
-Idolatry forbidden
B. Islam acknowledges major
figures/prophets of the Old
Testament
-Abraham’s blessing to
Ishmael not Isaac
C. Islam recognizes Jesus as a
prophet
-denies his divinity and
resurrection
D. Share a similar eschatology
-Death, Judgment, Heaven, and
Hell
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Factions of the Islamic StateA. Muhammad had no male successor
and did not name one
B. Immediate successors belonged to/selected from the leading merchant tribe of Mecca
-Sunni or followers of the prophet’s example via the Koran and the Hadith
-Rule by consent of the religious community
C. Fourth Caliph descended directly from the family line
-Shia believed in dynastic rule stemming from the Prophet
-Koran is the exclusive authority on Muhammad’s thoughts, words, and deeds
D. Islamic Civil War established the Umayyad Dynasty (661)
-Sunni
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SunniA. Quarash Tribe of Mecca
(Rightly Guided)
-Abu Bakr (632-634)
-Umar (634-644)
-Uthman (644-656)
B. Umayyad Dynasty (661-750)
-Responsible for the rapid expansion of the Islamic State
C. Constructed the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
-Capital at Damascus
D. Overthrown by Abbasids
-Dynastic Restoration in Spain (756)
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ShiaA. Fatima (Muhammad’s daughter)
-Ali (Cousin)*
-Husayn*(680)-introduction of Martyrdom to Islam
B. Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258)
-High Point of Classical Islam
-Larger than the Roman Empire
-Capital at Baghdad (762)
-Subjugated by Seljuk Turks (1055)
-Eradicated by Mongols (1258)
C. Fatimid Dynasty (909-1171)
-North Africa, Egypt, and Syria
-Capital at Cairo
D. Ayyubid Dynasty (1169-1252)
-Saladin and the 3rd Crusade
E. Mamluk Dynasty (1250-1517)
-Egypt and North Africa
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Shia
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This slide just shows that
things are more
complicated and is probably
unnecessary. Sorry for the
inconvenience of boring
you to death.
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Anatolia
Asia Minor
Turkey
11th Century
Seljuk Turks
7- 8th Century Spread of Islam
13th Century-Invasion of the Mongols
Constantinople
The loss of Anatolia
to the Seljuk Turks
was the major
cause of the
gradual fall of the
Byzantine Empire
Battle of
Manzikert
(1071)
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Crusades
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SSWH12 The student will examine the
origins and contributions of the Ottoman,
Safavid, and Mughal empires.
a. Describe the geographical extent of the
Ottoman Empire during the rule of Suleyman
the Magnificent, the Safavid Empire during
the reign of Shah Abbas I, and the Mughal
Empire during the reigns of Babur and Akbar.
b. Explain the ways in which these Muslim
empires influenced religion, law, and the arts
in their parts of the world.
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EQ: What were the fundamental characteristics of
the Islamic Gunpowder Empires?
KQ1: Which Islamic Gunpowder Empire captured
Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire?
KQ2: What was the purpose of the Devshirme System?
KQ3: What was the result of the Battle of Lepanto 1571?
KQ4: What were the military and political reforms of Shah
Abbas?
KQ5: What were the military and political reforms of Akbar?
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Western Steppes of Asia
SeljukTurks
Ghaznavid Turks
Eastern Steppes of Asia
Mongols
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TurksA. Nomadic Horse Culture of the
Western Steppes of Asia (modern Turkestan)
-Eastern and Western Factions
-interaction w/ Byzantine and Islamic Empires
B. Western Turks controlled territory from the Oxus River to the Mediterranean
-converted to Islam (Sunni)
-split into two groups
C. Seljuk Turks (West)- spread from Persia towards the Byzantine Empire
-practiced religious toleration
D. Ghaznavids (East)- spread from Afghanistan to India
-defeated by the Seljuks
-practiced forced conversions
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Oxus River
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Ottoman Empire (1281-1918)A. Descendants of the Seljuk Turks
B. Military conquests waged with gunpowder technology (artillery)
-Ghazis (warriors for Islam) or Guardians of the Islamic Frontier
-Sultans (absolute ruler)
C. Fall of the Byzantine Empire
-Capture of Constantinople
-Renamed Istanbul
-ended nomadic culture of the Turks
D. Conquer and control:
-Mesopotamia
-Egypt
-Arabian Peninsula (Mecca & Medina)
-North Africa
-Balkan Peninsula (Europe)
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Fall of Constantinople (1453)
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Gigantic Cannon
Mehmed II
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Fall of Constantinople (1453)
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Newspaper HeadlinesCh. 18 Sec 1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
(pgs 507-511)
A. Create Newspaper headlines for the Expansion
of the Ottoman Empire
-Newspaper Title
-Date
-Headline
-other (advertisements, job opportunities, crime
reports, etc.)
B. Article 1: Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic
Expansion
-Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople
-Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities
C. Article 2: Suleyman the Lawgiver
-The Empire Reaches Its Limits
-Highly Structured Social Organization
(Political Reforms & Devshirme System)
D. Article 3:
-Cultural Flowering
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Suleiman the Magnificent
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Suleiman the MagnificentA. Golden Age of the Ottoman
Empire (1520-1566)
B. Powerful navy dominated the
Eastern Mediterranean
-Control of the major trade
routes b/w East and West
C. Devshirme System
- Christian slaves drafted,
educated, and trained as
soldiers (Janissaries)
-Special forces devoted to the
Sultan
-Means of social mobility
D. Religious toleration in
exchange for tribute (taxes)
-Based on the Koran
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Siege of Vienna
Battle of Lepanto
Major defeats @ Vienna and Lepanto marked the
beginning of decline in the Ottoman Empire
1526
1571
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Ottomans
Battle of Lepanto (1571)
Holy League
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Battle of Lepanto (1571)A. Ottoman expansion threatened a
divided Christian Europe on both land and sea
-Battle of Vienna (1526)- Christian victory halted Suleiman’s land advance into Europe
B. Cause: Control of the Mediterranean and broken alliances b/w Italian city-states and Ottoman Turks
C. The Holy League
- organized by the Pope of the Catholic Church to stop Islamic expansion
-Navy composed of Spanish and Venetian warships
D. Result: Decisive defeat of the Turkish Navy
-permanently weakened Ottoman Navy
-ended the perceived invincibility of the Ottomans
-marked the beginning of gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire
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Oxus River
Modern Iran and Afghanistan
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Western presence in the Middle East very unpopular especially Islamic extremists
Osama Bin Laden establishes Al Qaeda in Afghanistan
Attacks World Trade Center (1993) (2001)
U.S. Invasion of Afghanistan (2001) Iraq War (2003)
Removal of Saddam Hussein Bid Laden Killed (2011)
First Gulf War (Iraq)
United Nations Coalition led by the United States
based in Saudi Arabia
Iranian Revolution 1979
American Hostage Crisis
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
Iraq-Iran War (1980s) Iraq Invades Kuwait (1991)
Ottoman (Sunni) vs. Safavid (Shia)
Iraq Iran
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Safavid Empire (1500-1747)A. Founded by Ishmael
-conquered Persia
(modern-day Iran)
-promoted Shia Islam
B. Religious Tyranny
-no religious toleration for either
infidels (non-muslims) or Sunni
Muslims
C. War w/ Ottomans to purify Islam
-resulted in Safavid defeat
-adopted the use of gunpowder
artillery
D. Established modern borders b/w Iraq
and Iran
Ishmael
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Golden Age of Shah AbbasA. Reorganized the military based on an
Ottoman Model
-Persian Army and Recruited
Christians
-Equipped w/ Artillery (Gunpowder)
B. Reformed government
-eliminated corruption
-positions based on merit
-practiced religious toleration to
encourage foreign trade
C. Established a new capital at Esfahan
-employed foreign and Safavid artisans to
build and outfit the city
-Sponsored culture and arts
-Persian Carpets
D. Weak and cruel leaders led to the
collapse of the Dynasty
Shah Abbas
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Mughal Empire (1526-1707)A. Product of Islamic
invasion of the Subcontinent
B. 300 year struggle b/w Muslims and Hindus
-sowed the seeds for later conflict
C. Founded by Babur
-Descendant of the Mongols
D. Military conquests laid the foundations of the empire
Babur
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Battle of Panipat (1526)
Babur defeating
Ibrahim the Sultan of Delhi
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Golden of Age of AkbarA. Used gunpowder technology to
expand his power and maintain control
B. Fostered peace b/w Muslims and Hindus
-promoted cultural blending
C. Moderate rule:
-religious toleration
-replaced tribute tax w/ an agricultural tax (fair and affordable)
-granted rotating land grants to officials
D. Weak successors and the arrival of Europeans caused the collapse of the Empire
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British East India Co.
Sepoy Army
French East India Co
Bengal Army
.
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Arrival of EuropeansA. Decline of the Mughal Empire
-weak leadership and factionalism
B. 17th-18th Century Interaction w/
European Traders (Dutch, French,
and British)
-East India Companies take control
of major ports on the Subcontinent
C. Battle of Plassey (1757)- British
East India Company led by Sir
Robert Clive and Indian Sepoys
defeat the French
-Jewel of the Crown
D. Rise of the British Empire
-rule the Subcontinent until the
end of World War II (1945-1947)
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Ottoman Empire
Founder: Othman
Golden Age:______________________
Islam: _______________________
Religious Toleration (YES/NO)______
Safavid Empire
Founder: _______________________
Golden Age: _____________________
Islam: ________________________
Religious Toleration (YES/NO)______
Mughal Empire
Founder: ________________________
Golden Age: ____________________
Islam: Sunni/ Shia/ Sikhism
Religious Toleration (YES/NO)______
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Ottoman Empire
Founder: Othman
Golden Age: Suleiman
Islam: Sunni
Religious Toleration
Safavid Empire
Founder: Ishmael (religious tyranny/ forced conversions)
Golden Age: Shah Abbas (religious toleration/ foreign trade)
Islam: Shia
Tyranny to Toleration
Mughal Empire
Founder: Babur
Golden Age: Akbar
Islam: Sunni/ Shia/ Sikhism
Religious Toleration