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St.-Martin-des-Champs, Paris, 1130s
Clues in smaller churches in the Ile-de-France
Wall buttresses that anticipate flying Gothic buttress:
narrow but deep
high placing in relation to vault springings
Choir of St.-Denis – first flying buttresses?
reconstruction of the 1140-44 upper stories
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Clues in smaller churches in the Ile-de-France
St.-Martin-des-Champs, 1130sChoir of St.-Denis – ring of light
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Wilson: Basic principle of Gothic aesthetics derive from the pointed arch – unity through increasing the number and reducing the autonomy of the elements of design
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Île de la Cité in Paris – home to cathedral and royal palace
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Nôtre-Dame, Parisb. 1150-55, nave 1170-80, extensive rebuilding in 1220s, transept 1240s-50s
façade 1200-45
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Political map of France, 1154 Île-de-France region (the royal domain)
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Laon Cathedral, France, late 1150s to 1205, choir 1215, façade 1190-5Laon Cathedral, France, late 1150s to 1205, choir 1215, façade 1190-5
façade 1190-95
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Original plans of Nôtre-Dame
and Laon Cathedral
Nôtre-Dame Laon Cathedral
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Nôtre-DameAvg. Gothic cathedral
Laon Nôtre-Dame – 5 aisle basilica
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Nôtre-Dame – original 4-level nave elevation
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Nôtre-Dame – illumination
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original planaddition of chapels
1225-30
Nôtre-Dame
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columnar piers + sexpartite vaulting
Nôtre-Dame, Paris
Nave
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Nôtre-Dame, Paris
Choir Detail of nave elevation at the gallery level
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Nôtre-Dame, Paris
Detail of choir with old nave elevation (rebuilt in the 19th century) and 1220s nave elevation
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Nôtre-Dame, Paris
as considerably rebuilt with 3-part nave elevation and larger clerestory
original nave (1155) and buttressing (1180) including flyers
windows and new flying buttresses in the 1220s
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Cathedral of Laon, 1155-1205
commissioned by duke and bishop Gautier de Mortagne (bishop 1155-74)
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Laon Cathedral, France, late 1150s to 1205, choir 1215, façade 1190-5Laon Cathedral, France, late 1150s to 1205, choir 1215, façade 1190-5
façade 1190-95
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Laon Cathedral
as planned as built
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as planned in 1155
Laon CathedralTournai Cathedral, Belgium
Romanesque nave and transept early-mid 12th centuryGothic choir, 1243-45
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Laon Cathedral
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Laon Cathedral – crossing and transept
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Laon Cathedral – transept chapels with polygonal apse
main apse originally semi-circular
north transept chapel (Lady Chapel)
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Laon Cathedral – chapels with polygonal apse
semi-circular apse north transept chapel (Lady Chapel)
Abbey church of St.-RemiReims, France, 1170-80s
The polygonal plan manifests a desire for simultaneous multiple images.
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Laon Cathedral –four-part nave elevationTournai Cathedral, Belgium
Romanesque nave early-mid 12th century
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String courses + vault responds make a tiered grid
Shafts correspond better to the different ribs of the sexpartite vaults
Alternating piers (1170s) failed to relate. First inkling of the coming pilier cantonné in High Gothic.
Responds are free cylinders, edge-bedded joined with stone rings (“structural honesty”)
Laon Cathedral –four-part nave elevation
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thick rubble walls allow free lathe-turned cylinders to be attached by stone rings to the walls
Laon Cathedral – nave elevation
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thick rubble walls allow free lathe-turned cylinders to be attached by stone rings to the walls
Laon Cathedral – nave elevationNôtre-Dame – nave elevation
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early flying buttresses at Laon too
Laon Cathedral – nave elevation
solid quadrant arch under roof of gallery buttress rises too
high not to have supported flyers originally
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Romanesque façade of St.-Denis Paris, 1137-40
Early Gothic façade of Laon Cathedral1190-95
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Early Gothic façade of Laon Cathedral1190-95
Oldest full-width rose window (1175)on Laon’s north transept
plate tracery
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Early Gothic towers of Laon Cathedral facade
Villard de Honnecourt’s drawing of Laon Cathedral façade towers, 1220-40s
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Nôtre-Dame Laon Cathedral
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High Gothic Cathedrals in France
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Richard I of England died unexpectedly in 1199French king Phillip II conquered Normandy and Anjou starting in 1204
Prestige of the French crown grows as of 1200
1154
1200
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Chartres Cathedral, b. 1194
Bourges Cathedralb. 1195
Gothic nave elevations 12th-13th century
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Chartres Cathedral (Nôtre-Dame), Chartres, France, 1194-1221
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Bourges Cathedral (St.-Étienne), Bourges, France, 1195-1255
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Chartres Cathedral Bourges Cathedral
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Chartres Cathedral
I. A. What three architectural qualities did the new urban patrons in France want to see combined in their novel sacred spaces of Gothic cathedrals?
fuller spatial unity + greater illumination + increased height