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State description –Digital Processors,Sampled-data systems,Systems with dead time
New Roll No.: 167 (A.C.R)M. S. UniversityIndia
Manish A Tadvi
M.E Student
17 Sep 2012
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Why State Description?
Limitation of Transfer Function
technique.
1.Highly cumbersome
2. It reveals only the system output for
a given input
Advantage Of State Description
o Provides a feedback proportional to
the internal variables of a system
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CONTROLLABLE (FIRST) CANONICAL FORM:
Given a transfer function.
The coefficients can now be inserted directly into the state-space model by the following approach:
This state-space realization is called controllable canonical form.
.
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OBSERVABLE (SECOND) CANONICAL FORM:
. This state-space realization is called observable canonical form.
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State Descriptions of Digital Processors
SISO DTS:
State variables x1(k),x2(k),…,xn(k)
Input u(k), Output y(k)
Assumption- I/p switched on to the system at k=0
i.e. u(k)=0 for k<0,
Initial state is given by:
x(0)=x0 (n*1)vector
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LTI system:
X(k+1)=F x(k) + g u(k); (state equation)…(1)
Y(k)=c x(k) + d u(k); (output equation)…(2)
where,
)(
)(
...
)(
)(
1
2
1
kx
kx
kx
kx
kx
n
n
u(k)=system input, d=scalar, (direct coupling between i/p & o/p.
Y(k)=defined output
ng
g
g
...
...g
2
1
4321 ccccc
nnnn
n
n
fff
fff
fff
F
..21
22221
11211
..
.........
.........
.....
......
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State Variables:- The smallest set of variables which determine the state of a dynamic system is called state variable.
State variable describes the future response of a system, given the present state, the excitation i/p, and the eqn describing the dynamics.
State space:- The n dimensional state variables are elements of n dimensional space is called state space.
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Basic Structure Of DCS :
20-Sep-12
Digital computer D/A Plant
Sensor
A/D
Controlled o/pDigital
set pt
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The State-Space block implements a system whose behavior is defined by :
X(k+1)=F x(k) + G u(k) n = number of states.m= number of inputs.
Y(k)=C x(k) + D u(k) r= number of outputs
where x is the state vector, u is the input vector,
and y is the output vector.
F must be an n-by-n matrix, G must be an n-by-m matrix, C must be an r-by-n matrix, D must be an r-by-m matrix.
F G
C D
n m
n
r
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Conversion of state variable to TF
X(k+1)=F x(k) + g u(k)
Y(k)=c x(k) + d u(k)
zX(z) – z x0 =F x(z) + g u(z) % z transform(zI - F) X(z) = zx0 + g u(z) % I is n x n identity matrixX(z) = (zI-F)-1 * z x0 + (zI-F)-1 * g u(z)
Y(z) = c x(z) + d u(z) % z transform
Y(z) = c * (zI-F)-1 * z x0 + (zI-F)-1 * g u(z)*c + d u(z)
Y(z) = c * (zI-F)-1 * z x0 + [ c * (zI-F)-1 * g + d ] u(z)
Y(z) = G(z) = c * (zI-F)-1 * g + d % In case of Initial condition x0 = 0U(z)
Y(z) = G(z) = c * adj(zI-F) * g + dU(z) | zI-F |
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Matlab Simulation :
A=[0 1 0;-5 -2 -1;0 0 3]B=[0;1;1]c=[4 1 0]D=0[num,den]=ss2tf(A,B,C,D)sys=tf(num,den)
O/P : -A =
0 1 0-5 -2 -10 0 3
B = 011
20-Sep-12
Conversion of state variable to TF using MATLAB
Example :
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c =4 1 0
D =0
num =
0 1.0000 0.0000 -16.0000den =
1 -1 -1 -15
Transfer function:s^2 - 16
------------------s^3 - s^2 - s - 15
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csys= canon(sys,'companion')
a = x1 x2 x3
x1 0 0 15x2 1 0 1x3 0 1 1
b = u1
x1 1x2 0x3 0
c = x1 x2 x3
y1 1 1 -14
d = u1
y1 0Continuous-time model.
>>
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Conversion of Transfer Function to Canonical State Variable Model :
First Companion form : % Direct Form : 1
Second Companion form : % Direct Form : 2
Jordan Canonical Form : % Parallel Form
zn+ 1zn-1+….+ n-1z+ n
Transfer Function : zn+ 1zn-1+…+ n-1z+ n
1, 2,… n as feedback element
1, 2,… n as feed forward element
G(z) =
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Direct form : 1
20-Sep-12
a1 an-1 an
b0 b1 bn-1 bn
u(k) Xn(k) x2(k) x1(k)
+
+
+
+
_
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
y(k)
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x(k+1)=Fx(k)+gu(k)y(k)=cx(k)+du(k)
1
..
...
0
0
g
]- ...., ,- ,0[ c 01101-n1-nnn
d = β 0
1..1 ..
1..000
.........
0..100
0...010
aaa nn
F
Direct Form : 1
This is called first companion form.
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Direct form :- 2
20-Sep-12
bn bn-1b1 b0
an an-1 a1
+
_
+
_
+
+
+
_
+
+
u(k)
y(k)
xn(k)xn-1(k)x1(k)
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1] 0 ... 0 [0 c
011
011
0
..
...
nn
nn
g
1..
2
1
..00
..........
....10
....01
.....00
a
an
n
n
F
d = β0
x(k+1)=Fx(k)+gu(k)y(k)=cx(k)+du(k)
This is called Second companion form.
Direct Form : 2
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• F, g and c matrices of one companion form
correspond to the transpose of F, c and g matrices,
respectively, of the other.
• play an important role in pole-placement design
through state feedback.
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Case 1:
20-Sep-12ln
b0
r1
rn
l1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
x1(k) y(k)
xn(k)
u(k)
Parallel Form : 1
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zn+ 1zn-1+….+ n-1z+ n
Transfer Function : zn+ 1zn-1+…+ n-1z+ n
G(z) =
r1 r2 rn
(z- 1) (z- ) ……………….. (z- n) =
If the transfer function involves distinct poles only as shown below :
Case 1:
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n..
2
1
..00
..........
..........
0....0
0.....0
1
..
...
1
1
g
]r ... r [r c n21
d= β 0
x(k+1)=Fx(k)+gu(k)y(k)=cx(k)+du(k)
Case 1:
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zn+ 1zn-1+….+ n-1z+ n
Transfer Function : zn+ 1zn-1+…+ n-1z+ n
G(z) =
=
Case 2:If the transfer function involves multiple poles as shown
below :
’1zn-1+ ’2z
n-2+… ’n(z- 1)
m(z- m+1)…(z- n)
G(z) = H1(z)+Hm+1(z)+….+Hn(z)
Hm+1(z) = rm+1 ,…., Hn(z) = rn
z- m+1 z- n
And, r11 r12 … r1m
(z- 1)m (z- )m-1 (z- )
H1(z) =
The realization of H1(z) is shown Here
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Case : 2
r1m r12 r11
λ1 λ1 λ1
u(k)
+
+
+
+
+ +
++ y1(k)
+
+xm(k) x2(k)
x1(k)
Realization of H1(z)
z-1z-1z-1
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1..
1
1
..00
..........
..........
0..10
0.....1
1n
m
..
1
1
..00
..........
..........
0....0
0.....0
]rrr ... r [r c n.. . 1m|1m1211
1
:
:
1
1
:
:
00
g
d= β 0
Case 2:
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State space analysis of DCS applicable for LTI as well
as LTV system.
LTI systems are SISO.
State variable describes the future response of a
system, given the present state, the excitation
i/p, and the eqn describing the dynamics.
Application :
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Sampled-Data Systems :
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State Description of Sampled CT plants
A model of an A/D converter:
Samplerf(t) f(k)
k
t 0 1 2 3
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A model of D/A converter
ZOH
tk0 1 2 3
f(k) f+(t)
f+(t)=f(k); kT <= t< (k+1)T
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DT systemCTsystem samplerDiscrete time
systemZOH
Interconnection of DT and CT system
u(k) u+(t) y(t) y(k)
Equivalent Discrete
Time system
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x(k+1)=Fx(k)+gu(k)y(k)=cx(k)+du(k)
bdθeAθ
gT
0
F = eAt
Find eigen values By equation | λI – A | = 0
Get λ1, λ2 …
e t = g( ) = 0 + 1
e t = g( ) = 0 + 1
e t = g( ) = 0 + 1
eAt = 0+ 1A
Thus we find λ1, λ2.
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Example :
From the given BD find out state equation.
The state variable defined by:
x1(t)=q(t),
x2(t)=dq(t)/dt
State Eqn are given by:
dx(t)/dt=Ax(t)+bu+(t)
y(t)=cx(t)
20-Sep-12
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.
20-Sep-12
Gh0(s)1
s(s+5)
u(t)
-
+
T=1s
u(k)
ZOHplant
Q(t)u+(t)
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A= 0 1 b= 0 c=[1 0]
0 5 1
Find eigen values, 1 =0, 2=-5
e t=g( )= 0+ 1
eAt= 0+ 1A= 1 1/5(1-e-5T)
0 e-5T
20-Sep-12
Example :
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g= 0.2(T-0.2+0.2e-5T)
0.2(1-e-5T)for T=0.1 sec
F = 1 0.07870 0.6065
g = 0.0430.0787
bdTeAg 0
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Obtain Z-domain TF using MATLAB
.
20-Sep-12
ZOH1
s(s+2)
R(s) E(s) E*(s)
T=1s
C(s)
_
+
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Matlab Simulation :
num=1
den=[1 2 0]
T=1
[numz,denz]=c2dm(num,den,T,'ZOH')
printsys(numz,denz,'z')sys = tf(numDz,denDz,-1)
axis([-1 1 -1 1])
zgrid
20-Sep-12
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num =1
den =1 2 0
T =1
numz =0 0.2838 0.1485
denz =1.0000 -1.1353 0.1353
num/den = 0.28383 z + 0.1485
------------------------z^2 - 1.1353 z + 0.13534
numDz =1
denDz =1.0000 -0.3000 0.5000
Transfer function:1
-----------------z^2 - 0.3 z + 0.5
Sampling time: unspecified
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Applications :
L2 norm of sampled-data system
Sampled-data H controller synthesis
Time response of sampled-data feedback system
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State Description of Systemswith Dead-Time:
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What is Dead time?
•Appears in many processes in Industry and in other fields like Economical and Biological Systems
They are Caused By Following Phenomena:
Transport Time
Accumulation of Time Lags
The required Processing time For Sensors
Effect of Dead time In System
Introduces additional lag in System Phase
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A Heated Tank with A Long Pipe
The control input is the power W at the resistor.
The plant output is the temperature T at the end of the pipe.
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dDtubtto e tAtx
ttA)()()0(e )0(
x(t)
dDbuTkT
e TkTAkTxAT
kT ]()[)(eT)x((kT
d X(t)/dt=Ax(t)+bu+(t- D)
X(kT+T)=Fx(kT)+g1u(kT-NT-T)+g2u(kT-NT)
bdTmT eAg1
bdmT
eAg 02
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We can specify a first-order transfer function with dead time .Matlab Simulation :
• >> num = 5;•den = [1 1];•P = tf(num,den,'InputDelay',3.4)•
•Transfer function:• 5•exp(-3.4*s) * -----• s + 1•
•>> P0 = tf(num,den);•step(P0,'b',P,'r')•>>
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Step Response
Time (sec)
Am
plit
ude
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• Digital Control and State Variable Methods- by M. Gopal
Reference :
.Wikipedia
.Matlab