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Status of Soil Information in Asia
Ganlin Zhang State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of
Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Ronald Vargas Land and Water Division, FAO
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GlobalSoilMap.net East Asia Vs. Asia Soil Partnership
Vs. ESAFS
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A highly diversified continent
• Physiography – From the roof of the world to the lowest altitude – From the extreme hot to the extreme cold – From the extreme moisture to extreme – All types of soils in the world
• Socio-economy – From highly developed to the least developed
• Soil information
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The new mechanisms to bring Asian partners together
• GlobalSoilMap.net: East Asia Node, including Mongolia, Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar and China
• Global Soil Partnership - Asian Soil Partnership, including all of the above + Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India and Pakistan
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“Advancing the Science and Technology of Soil Information
in Asia: the Launch of GlobalSoilMap.net East Asia
Node and Asia Soil Partnership”
Feb. 8-12, 2012 Nanjing, China
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The launch of GSM EA Node and ASP in Nanjing
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Nanjing Communique on Asia Soil Partnership
• Recognized the achievements of the past
• Recognized the need of soil information
integration and sharing
• Recognized the need of capacity building to
meet the challenges
• Agreed to establish ASP and to work with
GSM.net
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Soil Survey and Soil Survey Institutions in Asia
• Some countries have national soil survey
institutions (Korea, the Philippines, Thailand), but
quite a few no, even including China.
• Many countries have finished
reconnaissance surveys (1:1,000,000 map
scale and lower), but many not yet.
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Country / region
Organization
Bangladesh Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka Soil Science Society of Bangladesh Soil Resources Development Institute, University of Darka
Bhutan Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests
Cambodia Department of Agricultural Land Resources Management, General Directorate of Agriculture
China Institute of Soil Science, CAS; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, CAAS Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS
Institutions related to soil survey and soil information system
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Country & region
Organization
Japan Natural Resources Inventory Center, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences Department of Forest Site Environment, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
Lao PDR Agriculture Land Use Research Center (ALURC), National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute , Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Malaysia Bahagian Pengurusan Dan Pemuliharaan Sumber Tanah (BPPST)
Mongolia Soil Science Department, Institute Geography, Mongolian Academy of Sciences
Nepal Soil Science Division, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
Pakistan Soil Survey of Punjab
Philippines Bureau of Soils and Water Management
RO Korea National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA)
Cont’d
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Country & region
Organization
Sri Lanka Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya; Soil Science Society of Sri Lanka
Thailand Land Development Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives
Vietnam Soils and Fertilizers Research Institute (SFRI)
Cont’d
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Formats of existing soil data • Paper maps and books
– Many lost due to various reasons • Being converted to electronic ones • National or regional soil information systems
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Digitalized and updated cultivated soil maps (1: 50,000)
Benchmarked soil dataset (about 20,000sites)
Cultivated soil maps (1:50,000)
・Soil Survey for Improving Fertilizer application ・ Fundamental Soil Survey for Soil Fertility Conservation
Benchmarked soil pedon database
Digital soil map
Digitalized soil inventory
Updating soil-land map
Urban sprawl impacts on fertile soils
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Map scales or resolutions
• 1:1,000,000 and lower for country level • Varied across different countries
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Scale Coverage Countries and regions
Small scale (<1:1,000,000)
complete China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Mongolia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Sari Lanka
Partially Cambodia, Pakistan, Myanmar, Bhutan
Very limited
Exploratory (<1:250,000 & >1:1,000,000)
complete China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Cambodia, Malaysia, Myanmar
Partially The rest
Very limited
Reconnaissance (<1:100,000 & >1:250,000)
complete Japan, South Korea, North Korea,Philippines, Taiwan China, Hong Kong China
Partially China
Very limited The rest
Semi-detailed (<1:25,000 & >1:100,000)
complete Thailand, South Korea
Partially China, Japan, Vietnam, Philippines
Very limited The rest
Detailed (<1:10,000 & >1:25,000)
complete South Korea
Partially China, Japan and some others
Very limited The rest
Very detailed (≤1:10,000)
complete South Korea
Partially Japan and a few others
Very limited The rest
Soil maps: scales and coverage
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Standardization problems – soil classification
• National systems (China, Japan, Mongolia, etc.)
• Land use – soil types (when no soil classification
available)
• USDA (southeast Asian countries)
• FAO Legend and WRB
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Soil Maps at Series level
Intermediate Zone 1:400,000
Dry Zone 1:500,000
Wet Zone 1;250,000
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Soil Survey in Korea
Reconnaissance Soil Survey(`64~`67) 1:50,000 (MMU, 6.25 ha)
1:250,000
Detailed Soil Survey(`68~`90) 1:25,000 (MMU, 1.56 ha)
Detailed Soil Survey(`95~`99) 1:5,000 (MMU, 10 a)
※MMU: Minimum Mapping Unit
Stages of development
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Applications
• Agriculture
• Land use planning
• Hazard assessment
• Climate mitigation assessment
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Topography
Climate
Soil types
Soil texture
Soil fertile
Drainage
Soil depth
Slope
Thematic maps Land unit map Land suitability map
Crop Requirements
Land evaluation
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Site information
・Site ・Latitude Longitude ・Soil type ・Sampling date others
Activity data
・Soil treatment ・Fertilizer application ・Crop rotation ・Irrigation/Drainage others
Soil profile description
・Depth of horizons ・Color ・Structure others
Soil properties
pH, EC, Soil texture, C and N content, Bulk density, available P, CEC, Ex-cations, pF, Solid-liquid-gaseous phase, Hydraulic conductivity, others
Location of stationary monitoring sites.
About 20,000 monitoring sites. 5-year-interval (Since 1979)
History of National Soil Survey Programs in Japanese Agricultural Land (1979-1999)
Basic Soil - Environment Monitoring
land use
greenhousepastureorcharduplandpaddy
Availa
ble
Phosp
hate
(P
2O
5m
g/100g)
800
600
400
200
0
1979-
1984-
1989-
1994-
1998
Paddy Upland Orchard
Pasture
Greenhouse
Avai
labl
e P
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GIS-based Soil Information of Korea
<Soil and Environment Information System of Korea>
Soil and Environment
Web-based GIS Map Service
Fertilizer Recommendation Statistics
<Major functions>
Love Soil
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Development phase for iPhone applications To link soil knowledge with sustainable soil management
Agronomic consulting Environmental assessment
Food safety Educational materials
Key demands of soil information
Soil DB Climate DB
Models
・Location data ・Activity data
・Effective outputs
Soil is
Cloud Computing
・Soil test ID
C sequestration potential Irrigation timing Improving fertilization Etc.
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Needs for Integrated Soil Data
• Agriculture – biomass production
– Optimize fertilizer applications
• Regional Eco-Environment protection
– Water protection
• Global change adaptation and mitigation
– Carbon sequestration potential
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Challenges and opportunities
• Outdated and fragmented data
• Shift of expertise
• From data to “forces”
• Demanding update
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Summary and Conclusions
• Lack of institutions and loss of experts
• Moving from maps to geo-referenced systems
• Varied by map scales and standards
• Soil data are being used in different ways for various applications
• Future development is demanded for digital and use-friendly
services
• Digital soil mapping activities are at research or project level, but it
seems to be the only way
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Recent activities
• Asia Soil Information System in collaboration
with FAO
• Soil atlas of Asia in collaboration with EU-JRC
• Training for and pilot studies with
GlobalSoilMap.net specifications
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Thank you !
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• National institutions from 20 countries were contacted for this meeting. 16 are present and due to logistics issues representatives from Myanmar, Laos and India couldn’t come. However, they are interested on being part of the network.
• After the national presentations, it is rewarding to see that National Soil Survey institutions are solidly present in most of the countries. Something that is very different in other regions, especially LAC.
• In general, soil information is available in all the countries and some are using modern technologies while others are in a transformation phase. It’s very valuable to see the impact of their activities into the decision making process, specially in agriculture.
SOIL INSTITUTIONS IN THE REGION
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• FAO together with ISCAS signed a LoA in order to implement two main activities:
• Establish the basement of the Asian Soil Partnership/network (contacting and bringing the national institutions is the first step). Empowering and strengthening the network is the second step.
• Start together a joint activity: with some small support prepare a regional report on the status of soil institutions and soil data/information using the valuable inputs from this meeting and further work. Harmonizing a regional soil map making use of available national soil maps (this could improve the current version of the HWSD, and then be used it as legacy data for other projects). Ganling to provide further details.
• FAO will provide with the soil legacy data available in their databases.
• If interested, recent soil publications could be send to each institution.
STARTING REGIONAL ACTIVITIES